Democratic Transformation and Citizens’ Assemblies
Managed Mutual Recognition, Regulatory Cooperation and Competition
Constitutionalism, Federalism & Institutions
Mediterranean and Southeastern Europe
The Post-Colonial, Standards of Civilisation and Decentering IR
Europe in the World, Transatlantic Relations
EU Enlargement and Neighbourhood
Global Governance, Ethics and Trade
Trade in Services, Global Information Economy
Democratic Transformation and Citizens’ Assemblies
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
The Third Democratic Transformation: From European to Planetary Politics Journal Article
In: JCMS, 2024.
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abstract = {This contribution to the symposium explores one aspect of the arrival of planetary politics under the broad label of the third democratic transformation, a transformation unfolding now at all levels of governance, from the local to the global through the regional, in spite of the anti-democratic forces at play around the world. This article starts by exploring the new frontier of normative power Europe in a post-colonial key, arguing that the European Union can serve as a laboratory for such a democratic transformation, around four interrogations related to claims of decentring, doubting, experimenting and decolonising. It then offers a descriptive-normative typology of the core attributes of the third democratic transformation observable in numerous signs and practices both in Europe and around the world through a sixfold evolution, namely, trans-temporal, transnational, trans-modal, trans-local, trans-scalar and, across all these, translational. It concludes on the conditions of possibility for this transformation.},
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This contribution to the symposium explores one aspect of the arrival of planetary politics under the broad label of the third democratic transformation, a transformation unfolding now at all levels of governance, from the local to the global through the regional, in spite of the anti-democratic forces at play around the world. This article starts by exploring the new frontier of normative power Europe in a post-colonial key, arguing that the European Union can serve as a laboratory for such a democratic transformation, around four interrogations related to claims of decentring, doubting, experimenting and decolonising. It then offers a descriptive-normative typology of the core attributes of the third democratic transformation observable in numerous signs and practices both in Europe and around the world through a sixfold evolution, namely, trans-temporal, transnational, trans-modal, trans-local, trans-scalar and, across all these, translational. It concludes on the conditions of possibility for this transformation.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Alemanno, Alberto; Batalla, Laura; Beltz, Kelsey; Fischer, Yannick; Sorce, Gabriele; Malapitan, Christopher
Empowering Change Through Participatory Democracy Online
2023, visited: 01.10.2023.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
What do women dream about for the future of European democracy? Online
2023, visited: 08.03.2023.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Gjaldbaek-Sverdrup, Emilie; Hernández, Nicolás Palomo
Technocratic democratisation: what can we learn from the European Commission’s new generation European citizens’ panels? Working paper
2023, ISSN: 1028-3625.
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abstract = {This paper delves into the “new generation” European Citizens Panels (ECPs) convened by the European Commission during Spring 2023 on three issue areas, namely food waste, virtual worlds, and learning mobility. The analysis encompasses the genealogy, methodology, and achievements of the “new generation” ECPs, underscoring the inherently top-down nature of the process. The authors introduce the concept of “technocratic democratisation” to characterize a form of citizen engagement that, while moderately fostering democratic progress, is narrowly confined to the technocratic sphere and thus remains part of a broadly technocratic logic. The paper is based on and participant-observation methods (due to the participation of the authors as observers or as assistants to the facilitators during the ECPs) and unstructured interviews with panel participants. Issues discussed relato to both progress in relations to previously organised pannels under the Conference on the Future of Europe as well as limitations regarding design, citizen selection, expert choices, consensus bias, transparency, and the lack of connection to the public sphere, due to a great extent to the exclusively top-down character of the exercise in question. While opening up EU policy-making in an unprecedented manner, the process remains a technocratic one, reflecting the ever-present tension between the aspirations of a genuinely transformative exercise of deliberative democracy and the hesitation of the Commission to relinquish full control. However, despite its technocratic nature, the paper argues that these panels might contribute to incremental procedural enhancements in citizen engagement, therefore representing modest strides in a broader agenda of EU democratisation.},
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This paper delves into the “new generation” European Citizens Panels (ECPs) convened by the European Commission during Spring 2023 on three issue areas, namely food waste, virtual worlds, and learning mobility. The analysis encompasses the genealogy, methodology, and achievements of the “new generation” ECPs, underscoring the inherently top-down nature of the process. The authors introduce the concept of “technocratic democratisation” to characterize a form of citizen engagement that, while moderately fostering democratic progress, is narrowly confined to the technocratic sphere and thus remains part of a broadly technocratic logic. The paper is based on and participant-observation methods (due to the participation of the authors as observers or as assistants to the facilitators during the ECPs) and unstructured interviews with panel participants. Issues discussed relato to both progress in relations to previously organised pannels under the Conference on the Future of Europe as well as limitations regarding design, citizen selection, expert choices, consensus bias, transparency, and the lack of connection to the public sphere, due to a great extent to the exclusively top-down character of the exercise in question. While opening up EU policy-making in an unprecedented manner, the process remains a technocratic one, reflecting the ever-present tension between the aspirations of a genuinely transformative exercise of deliberative democracy and the hesitation of the Commission to relinquish full control. However, despite its technocratic nature, the paper argues that these panels might contribute to incremental procedural enhancements in citizen engagement, therefore representing modest strides in a broader agenda of EU democratisation.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Youngs, Richard
Reversing the Gaze: Can the EU Import Democracy from Others? Journal Article
In: JCMS 2023, pp. 1-17, 2023.
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For over two decades, the EU has used a wide range of policy instruments to support democratic reform in third countries under the assumption that the rest of the world must learn from Euro- peans. This one-way democracy policy is out of tune with the times as political malaise spreads within the EU and as global geopolitics calls for genuine decolonial mindsets. In this contribution, we ask what it would take for the EU to reverse the democratic gaze. We argue that the EU could do more to open itself to the democratic innovations unfolding around the world where reformers have long been grappling with anti-democratic playbooks. We distinguish between three relevant realms, namely, that of power-sharing arrangements, democratic backsliding and regional mecha- nisms. We hope to offer a significant tweak to decolonization analysis and a political, normative supplement to this Special Issue’s concern with outside influences on the EU.
Azmanova, Albena; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Democracy with foresight: the key to a socially sustainable transition in Europe (and beyond) Book Chapter
In: Europe in transition – Towards sustainable resilience, The European Trade Union Institute (ETUI), 2023.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Liebert, Ulrike
Demoicratic theory: Bridging positive, critical and normative approaches to European studies Book Chapter
In: The Elgar companion to the European Union, 2023.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Cretan Europa’s second coming Online
2022, visited: 13.06.2022.
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abstract = {« Are you a citizen? » the young journalist asks me earnestly. I smile inside. Reminds me of another favorite, ‘have you stopped beating your wife?’ – yes, no, can’t win. « Sorry, no, at least not the citizen you are looking for...that would be one of the randomly chosen ones over there. »
I have never seen such a buzz in the Renaissance cluster of Badia Fiesolana, a medieval Roman Catholic monastery nested in the hills of Fiesole overlooking Florence. Not your everyday teaching day at the European University Institute: two hundred citizens have been invited from across Europe to take part in an experiment in continental democracy—the first transnational citizens’ assembly in the EU’s history. They have invaded my working space for what feels like a therapy weekend at the bedside of our aging European project. I happen to wear the hat of a so-called expert, servicing this endeavor. People of all ages and tongues are huddled in little groups or running around to stick their colored stickers over hundreds of messages pinned on the majestic building’s walls. Tomorrow, the citizens’ messages will be translated into recommendations for the EU and later their ambassadors will defend their views in Strasbourg’s European parliament hemicycle.
Today, in December 2021, these messengers are the beating heart of European politics. But for how long? To what end? Who really cares? },
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« Are you a citizen? » the young journalist asks me earnestly. I smile inside. Reminds me of another favorite, ‘have you stopped beating your wife?’ – yes, no, can’t win. « Sorry, no, at least not the citizen you are looking for...that would be one of the randomly chosen ones over there. »
I have never seen such a buzz in the Renaissance cluster of Badia Fiesolana, a medieval Roman Catholic monastery nested in the hills of Fiesole overlooking Florence. Not your everyday teaching day at the European University Institute: two hundred citizens have been invited from across Europe to take part in an experiment in continental democracy—the first transnational citizens’ assembly in the EU’s history. They have invaded my working space for what feels like a therapy weekend at the bedside of our aging European project. I happen to wear the hat of a so-called expert, servicing this endeavor. People of all ages and tongues are huddled in little groups or running around to stick their colored stickers over hundreds of messages pinned on the majestic building’s walls. Tomorrow, the citizens’ messages will be translated into recommendations for the EU and later their ambassadors will defend their views in Strasbourg’s European parliament hemicycle.
Today, in December 2021, these messengers are the beating heart of European politics. But for how long? To what end? Who really cares?
I have never seen such a buzz in the Renaissance cluster of Badia Fiesolana, a medieval Roman Catholic monastery nested in the hills of Fiesole overlooking Florence. Not your everyday teaching day at the European University Institute: two hundred citizens have been invited from across Europe to take part in an experiment in continental democracy—the first transnational citizens’ assembly in the EU’s history. They have invaded my working space for what feels like a therapy weekend at the bedside of our aging European project. I happen to wear the hat of a so-called expert, servicing this endeavor. People of all ages and tongues are huddled in little groups or running around to stick their colored stickers over hundreds of messages pinned on the majestic building’s walls. Tomorrow, the citizens’ messages will be translated into recommendations for the EU and later their ambassadors will defend their views in Strasbourg’s European parliament hemicycle.
Today, in December 2021, these messengers are the beating heart of European politics. But for how long? To what end? Who really cares?
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
CoFoE should become permanent exercise into EU legislative process Online
Vasques, Eleonora (Ed.): 2022, visited: 08.02.2022.
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In an interview with EURACTIV, Professor Kalypso Nicolaïdis said that Conference on the Future of Europe (CoFoE), stakeholders have done the best they can do, but to make it a permanent exercise within the EU, there needs to be room for constructive criticism.
Alemanno, Alberto; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Citizen Power Europe Journal Article
In: The Groundwork of European Power, RED (Revue Européenne du Droit), vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 20, 2022.
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abstract = {This article argues that if the EU is to recover its dented popularity among European publics, we need to build a European democratic ecosystem to nurture, scale and ultimate accommodate the daily competing claims of Europe’s citizens. To attain this objective, it presents and discusses three big ideas that are at the heart of the renewed EU ecosystem that we are calling for. These are: participation beyond voting; a transnational and inclusive public space; and, a democratic panopticon for greater accountability. Promisingly enough, these ideas already find reflection in the first batch of the citizens’ recommendations emerging from the Conference on the Future of Europe (CoFoE). Even if these recommendations still need to be refined through deliberation by the plenary of the CoFoE, they add up a clear and urgent message: let’s tap into our collective intelligence and democratic imagination to construct a pan-European public sphere by enhancing mutual connections, knowledge and empowerment between citizens across borders.},
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This article argues that if the EU is to recover its dented popularity among European publics, we need to build a European democratic ecosystem to nurture, scale and ultimate accommodate the daily competing claims of Europe’s citizens. To attain this objective, it presents and discusses three big ideas that are at the heart of the renewed EU ecosystem that we are calling for. These are: participation beyond voting; a transnational and inclusive public space; and, a democratic panopticon for greater accountability. Promisingly enough, these ideas already find reflection in the first batch of the citizens’ recommendations emerging from the Conference on the Future of Europe (CoFoE). Even if these recommendations still need to be refined through deliberation by the plenary of the CoFoE, they add up a clear and urgent message: let’s tap into our collective intelligence and democratic imagination to construct a pan-European public sphere by enhancing mutual connections, knowledge and empowerment between citizens across borders.
Alemanno, Alberto; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
L’Europe Puissance Citoyenne Online
2021, visited: 31.12.2021.
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Youngs, Richard; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Reversing the Democratic Gaze Online
2021, visited: 24.11.2021.
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Alongside its traditional external democracy support, the EU needs to begin drawing on lessons and influences from other countries to help address Europe’s own democracy problems.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
The Democratic Panopticon Online
NOEMA 2021, visited: 30.06.2021.
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Harnessing our collective power and intelligence to create a culture of digitally enhanced citizen participation across borders.
Alemanno, Alberto; Mackey, Jamie; Milanese, Niccolò; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
What’s in an experiment? Opportunities and risks for the Conference on the Future of Europe Online
2021, visited: 30.11.2020.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
In praise of ambivalence - another Brexit story Journal Article
In: Journal of European Integration, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 465-488, 2020.
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abstract = {The paper offers a defence of ambivalence as a response to the political polarisation of our era using multiple languages to present its case from psychology to sociology, political science, philosophy and critical theory. It suggests that the Brexit story can be told in a different key, whereby the politics that have led to entrenching ‘leave’ and ‘remain’ identities overlay a harder to assess ambivalence about the EU both in the UK and in the EU, a dynamic referred to as the ‘Machiavelli Trap.’ Accordingly, we ought to ground the future relationship in the recognition of the ‘Brexit paradox’ (you can leave and therefore you shouldn't), and its implications for the core principles that have shaped the Brexit debate and negotiations. In the end, the paper offers a plea for a politics that allows citizens to tune into their constructive ambivalence about the fundamental tension between control and cooperation which pervades both Brexit, EU and global politics at large.},
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The paper offers a defence of ambivalence as a response to the political polarisation of our era using multiple languages to present its case from psychology to sociology, political science, philosophy and critical theory. It suggests that the Brexit story can be told in a different key, whereby the politics that have led to entrenching ‘leave’ and ‘remain’ identities overlay a harder to assess ambivalence about the EU both in the UK and in the EU, a dynamic referred to as the ‘Machiavelli Trap.’ Accordingly, we ought to ground the future relationship in the recognition of the ‘Brexit paradox’ (you can leave and therefore you shouldn't), and its implications for the core principles that have shaped the Brexit debate and negotiations. In the end, the paper offers a plea for a politics that allows citizens to tune into their constructive ambivalence about the fundamental tension between control and cooperation which pervades both Brexit, EU and global politics at large.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Our Democratic Atonement: Why we Need an Agora Europe Book Chapter
In: The People’s Project? New European Treaty and the Prospects for Future Negotiations, pp. 90-99, European Policy Centre, Brussels, 2007.
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Plays and Essays
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Walking the Grid of Freedom Online
Open Democracy 2016.
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Sussman, Sam; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
R2P: State of Play Journal Article
In: The International Spectator, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 9-18, 2016.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Epilogue Book Chapter
In: Oktem, Kerem; Kadioglu, Ayse; Karli, Mehmet (Ed.): Another Empire? A Decade of Turkey’s Foreign Policy Under the Justice and Development Party, Bilgi University Press, Istanbul, 2012, ISBN: 978-6053992363.
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isbn = {978-6053992363},
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Brexit
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Weale, Albert; Lord, Christopher; Fossum, John Erik
Exceptionally exceptional? A postscript on Brexit in the guise of a conclusion Book Chapter
In: Fossum, John Erik; Lord, Christopher (Ed.): Handbook on the European Union and Brexit, pp. 504-517, 2023.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Brexit negotiations: linkages need to be handled with care Online
UK in a Changing Europe 2020.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
In praise of ambivalence - another Brexit story Journal Article
In: Journal of European Integration, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 465-488, 2020.
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title = {In praise of ambivalence - another Brexit story},
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doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2020.1766456},
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date = {2020-00-00},
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abstract = {The paper offers a defence of ambivalence as a response to the political polarisation of our era using multiple languages to present its case from psychology to sociology, political science, philosophy and critical theory. It suggests that the Brexit story can be told in a different key, whereby the politics that have led to entrenching ‘leave’ and ‘remain’ identities overlay a harder to assess ambivalence about the EU both in the UK and in the EU, a dynamic referred to as the ‘Machiavelli Trap.’ Accordingly, we ought to ground the future relationship in the recognition of the ‘Brexit paradox’ (you can leave and therefore you shouldn't), and its implications for the core principles that have shaped the Brexit debate and negotiations. In the end, the paper offers a plea for a politics that allows citizens to tune into their constructive ambivalence about the fundamental tension between control and cooperation which pervades both Brexit, EU and global politics at large.},
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The paper offers a defence of ambivalence as a response to the political polarisation of our era using multiple languages to present its case from psychology to sociology, political science, philosophy and critical theory. It suggests that the Brexit story can be told in a different key, whereby the politics that have led to entrenching ‘leave’ and ‘remain’ identities overlay a harder to assess ambivalence about the EU both in the UK and in the EU, a dynamic referred to as the ‘Machiavelli Trap.’ Accordingly, we ought to ground the future relationship in the recognition of the ‘Brexit paradox’ (you can leave and therefore you shouldn't), and its implications for the core principles that have shaped the Brexit debate and negotiations. In the end, the paper offers a plea for a politics that allows citizens to tune into their constructive ambivalence about the fundamental tension between control and cooperation which pervades both Brexit, EU and global politics at large.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
A European pivot from space to time Online
Social Europe 2019.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Verfassungsblog 2019.
@online{Nicolaidïs2019b,
title = {Schroedinger’s Backstop: Managed Mutual Recognition and the Compatibility Model: a Commentary on the Weiler, Sarmiento and Faull Proposal},
author = {Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
url = {https://verfassungsblog.de/schroedingers-backstop/},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Exodus, Reckoning, Sacrifice: Three Meanings of Brexit Book
Unbound Publishers, London, 2019, ISBN: 1783528095.
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abstract = {In this saga through Brexit mythology, Kalypso Nicolaidis asks what 'means' means in “Brexit means Brexit.” She offers a plea for acknowledging each other’s stories, with their many variants, ambiguities and contradictions. And in this spirit of recognition, calls for a mutually respectful, do-no-harm Brexit - the smarter, kinder and gentler Brexit possible in our hard-edged epoch of resentment and frustration.},
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In this saga through Brexit mythology, Kalypso Nicolaidis asks what 'means' means in “Brexit means Brexit.” She offers a plea for acknowledging each other’s stories, with their many variants, ambiguities and contradictions. And in this spirit of recognition, calls for a mutually respectful, do-no-harm Brexit - the smarter, kinder and gentler Brexit possible in our hard-edged epoch of resentment and frustration.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Brexit and the compatibility paradigm Online
The UK in a Changing Europe Research Paper 2018.
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date = {2018-03-15},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Brexit as myth: Exodus, Reckoning, or Sacrifice? Online
Standpoint 2017.
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author = {Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Brexit Arithmetics Book Chapter
In: Armour, John; Eidenmüller, Horst (Ed.): vol. Negotiating Brexit, C.H. Beck/Hart Publishing, Munich/Oxford, 2017.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Mutual Recognition: Promise and Denial, from Sapiens to Brexit Journal Article
In: Current Legal Problems, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 1-40, 2017.
@article{Nicolaidïs2017b,
title = {Mutual Recognition: Promise and Denial, from Sapiens to Brexit},
author = {Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
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year = {2017},
date = {2017-00-00},
journal = {Current Legal Problems},
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abstract = {This contribution argues that the European crisis in general and Brexit in particular, can be seen to reflect the partial loss of the ethos of a principle that has been at the heart of the EU, namely mutual recognition. While familiar to legal scholars as a norm governing the integration of markets and the management of conflicts of law, the essay seeks to show how this principle bears on our current European predicament as a philoso- phical concept and a form of governance between states before dwelling on the intricacies of mutual recognition in the EU single market. Because recog- nition is sought, obtained or denied in all social spheres, every discipline has its own complex variation on this simple theme requiring to connect legal theory with anthropology, philosophy, history, sociology and international relations. The essay spans all these fields through eight takes (mutual Recognition shunned, invented, enshrined, constitutionalised, managed, ‘on trial’, lost, and for grabs) which can also be interpreted as different time horizons (from Sapiens to Brexit through Westphalia). Each take provides a variation on what is referred to as “mutual recognition paradox”, eg how to increase mutual engagement and mutual deference at the very same time.},
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This contribution argues that the European crisis in general and Brexit in particular, can be seen to reflect the partial loss of the ethos of a principle that has been at the heart of the EU, namely mutual recognition. While familiar to legal scholars as a norm governing the integration of markets and the management of conflicts of law, the essay seeks to show how this principle bears on our current European predicament as a philoso- phical concept and a form of governance between states before dwelling on the intricacies of mutual recognition in the EU single market. Because recog- nition is sought, obtained or denied in all social spheres, every discipline has its own complex variation on this simple theme requiring to connect legal theory with anthropology, philosophy, history, sociology and international relations. The essay spans all these fields through eight takes (mutual Recognition shunned, invented, enshrined, constitutionalised, managed, ‘on trial’, lost, and for grabs) which can also be interpreted as different time horizons (from Sapiens to Brexit through Westphalia). Each take provides a variation on what is referred to as “mutual recognition paradox”, eg how to increase mutual engagement and mutual deference at the very same time.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
The Political Mantra: Brexit, Control and the Transformation of the European Order Book Chapter
In: Fabbrini, Federico (Ed.): vol. The Law and Politics of Brexit, Oxford University Press, 2017.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Sustainable Integration in a Demoicratic Polity: A New (or not so new) Ambition For the European Union after Brexit Book Chapter
In: Staiger, Uta (Ed.): vol. Brexit and Beyond, Cambridge University Press, 2017.
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Demoicracy
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
The Third Democratic Transformation: From European to Planetary Politics Journal Article
In: JCMS, 2024.
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title = {The Third Democratic Transformation: From European to Planetary Politics},
author = {Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
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year = {2024},
date = {2024-03-17},
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abstract = {This contribution to the symposium explores one aspect of the arrival of planetary politics under the broad label of the third democratic transformation, a transformation unfolding now at all levels of governance, from the local to the global through the regional, in spite of the anti-democratic forces at play around the world. This article starts by exploring the new frontier of normative power Europe in a post-colonial key, arguing that the European Union can serve as a laboratory for such a democratic transformation, around four interrogations related to claims of decentring, doubting, experimenting and decolonising. It then offers a descriptive-normative typology of the core attributes of the third democratic transformation observable in numerous signs and practices both in Europe and around the world through a sixfold evolution, namely, trans-temporal, transnational, trans-modal, trans-local, trans-scalar and, across all these, translational. It concludes on the conditions of possibility for this transformation.},
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This contribution to the symposium explores one aspect of the arrival of planetary politics under the broad label of the third democratic transformation, a transformation unfolding now at all levels of governance, from the local to the global through the regional, in spite of the anti-democratic forces at play around the world. This article starts by exploring the new frontier of normative power Europe in a post-colonial key, arguing that the European Union can serve as a laboratory for such a democratic transformation, around four interrogations related to claims of decentring, doubting, experimenting and decolonising. It then offers a descriptive-normative typology of the core attributes of the third democratic transformation observable in numerous signs and practices both in Europe and around the world through a sixfold evolution, namely, trans-temporal, transnational, trans-modal, trans-local, trans-scalar and, across all these, translational. It concludes on the conditions of possibility for this transformation.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Alemanno, Alberto; Batalla, Laura; Beltz, Kelsey; Fischer, Yannick; Sorce, Gabriele; Malapitan, Christopher
Empowering Change Through Participatory Democracy Online
2023, visited: 01.10.2023.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
What do women dream about for the future of European democracy? Online
2023, visited: 08.03.2023.
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year = {2023},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Youngs, Richard
Reversing the Gaze: Can the EU Import Democracy from Others? Journal Article
In: JCMS 2023, pp. 1-17, 2023.
@article{nokey,
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doi = {10.1111/jcms.13477},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-00-00},
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abstract = {For over two decades, the EU has used a wide range of policy instruments to support democratic reform in third countries under the assumption that the rest of the world must learn from Euro- peans. This one-way democracy policy is out of tune with the times as political malaise spreads within the EU and as global geopolitics calls for genuine decolonial mindsets. In this contribution, we ask what it would take for the EU to reverse the democratic gaze. We argue that the EU could do more to open itself to the democratic innovations unfolding around the world where reformers have long been grappling with anti-democratic playbooks. We distinguish between three relevant realms, namely, that of power-sharing arrangements, democratic backsliding and regional mecha- nisms. We hope to offer a significant tweak to decolonization analysis and a political, normative supplement to this Special Issue’s concern with outside influences on the EU.},
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For over two decades, the EU has used a wide range of policy instruments to support democratic reform in third countries under the assumption that the rest of the world must learn from Euro- peans. This one-way democracy policy is out of tune with the times as political malaise spreads within the EU and as global geopolitics calls for genuine decolonial mindsets. In this contribution, we ask what it would take for the EU to reverse the democratic gaze. We argue that the EU could do more to open itself to the democratic innovations unfolding around the world where reformers have long been grappling with anti-democratic playbooks. We distinguish between three relevant realms, namely, that of power-sharing arrangements, democratic backsliding and regional mecha- nisms. We hope to offer a significant tweak to decolonization analysis and a political, normative supplement to this Special Issue’s concern with outside influences on the EU.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
The Peoples Imagined: Constituting a Demoicratic European Polity Book Chapter
In: Komárek, Jan (Ed.): European Constitutional Imaginaries: Between Ideology and Utopia, Oxford University Press, 2023.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Democratic respect in times of crisis: the case of the NextGenerationEU fund Book Chapter
In: Bongardt, Annette; Torres, Francisco (Ed.): The political economy of Europe’s future and identity: integration in crisis mode, European University Institute, 2023, ISBN: 9789294664754.
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abstract = {Today’s European Union (EU) finds itself in a permanent crisis mode – crises appear no longer sequentially and time distant but overlap and reinforce each other and even interact. If, as Jean Monnet put it, Europe will be forged in crises and as the sum of the solutions adopted for those crises, it is also true that multiple, major crises affecting the EU at the same time do not only stretch but risk to overwhelm its crisis response capacity. Yet, the EU needs to successfully address those crises to deliver results for its citizens and hold the ‘club’ together. There is also demand for some soul- and identity-searching, with a shared identity and values assuming special importance for facilitating collective action and leaps forward in times of crisis, such as at present, when the EU faces the need to stand by its values amidst Russia’s war on Ukraine while pursuing its main objectives and its current priorities for 2019-24, most notably the European Green Deal (EGD). Both – addressing multiple challenges and a shared identity – are fundamental for making the EU more resilient to shocks and European integration sustainable (and with a purpose) over time. And they are related.},
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Today’s European Union (EU) finds itself in a permanent crisis mode – crises appear no longer sequentially and time distant but overlap and reinforce each other and even interact. If, as Jean Monnet put it, Europe will be forged in crises and as the sum of the solutions adopted for those crises, it is also true that multiple, major crises affecting the EU at the same time do not only stretch but risk to overwhelm its crisis response capacity. Yet, the EU needs to successfully address those crises to deliver results for its citizens and hold the ‘club’ together. There is also demand for some soul- and identity-searching, with a shared identity and values assuming special importance for facilitating collective action and leaps forward in times of crisis, such as at present, when the EU faces the need to stand by its values amidst Russia’s war on Ukraine while pursuing its main objectives and its current priorities for 2019-24, most notably the European Green Deal (EGD). Both – addressing multiple challenges and a shared identity – are fundamental for making the EU more resilient to shocks and European integration sustainable (and with a purpose) over time. And they are related.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Gjaldbaek-Sverdrup, Emilie; Hernández, Nicolás Palomo
Technocratic democratisation: what can we learn from the European Commission’s new generation European citizens’ panels? Working paper
2023, ISSN: 1028-3625.
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abstract = {This paper delves into the “new generation” European Citizens Panels (ECPs) convened by the European Commission during Spring 2023 on three issue areas, namely food waste, virtual worlds, and learning mobility. The analysis encompasses the genealogy, methodology, and achievements of the “new generation” ECPs, underscoring the inherently top-down nature of the process. The authors introduce the concept of “technocratic democratisation” to characterize a form of citizen engagement that, while moderately fostering democratic progress, is narrowly confined to the technocratic sphere and thus remains part of a broadly technocratic logic. The paper is based on and participant-observation methods (due to the participation of the authors as observers or as assistants to the facilitators during the ECPs) and unstructured interviews with panel participants. Issues discussed relato to both progress in relations to previously organised pannels under the Conference on the Future of Europe as well as limitations regarding design, citizen selection, expert choices, consensus bias, transparency, and the lack of connection to the public sphere, due to a great extent to the exclusively top-down character of the exercise in question. While opening up EU policy-making in an unprecedented manner, the process remains a technocratic one, reflecting the ever-present tension between the aspirations of a genuinely transformative exercise of deliberative democracy and the hesitation of the Commission to relinquish full control. However, despite its technocratic nature, the paper argues that these panels might contribute to incremental procedural enhancements in citizen engagement, therefore representing modest strides in a broader agenda of EU democratisation.},
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This paper delves into the “new generation” European Citizens Panels (ECPs) convened by the European Commission during Spring 2023 on three issue areas, namely food waste, virtual worlds, and learning mobility. The analysis encompasses the genealogy, methodology, and achievements of the “new generation” ECPs, underscoring the inherently top-down nature of the process. The authors introduce the concept of “technocratic democratisation” to characterize a form of citizen engagement that, while moderately fostering democratic progress, is narrowly confined to the technocratic sphere and thus remains part of a broadly technocratic logic. The paper is based on and participant-observation methods (due to the participation of the authors as observers or as assistants to the facilitators during the ECPs) and unstructured interviews with panel participants. Issues discussed relato to both progress in relations to previously organised pannels under the Conference on the Future of Europe as well as limitations regarding design, citizen selection, expert choices, consensus bias, transparency, and the lack of connection to the public sphere, due to a great extent to the exclusively top-down character of the exercise in question. While opening up EU policy-making in an unprecedented manner, the process remains a technocratic one, reflecting the ever-present tension between the aspirations of a genuinely transformative exercise of deliberative democracy and the hesitation of the Commission to relinquish full control. However, despite its technocratic nature, the paper argues that these panels might contribute to incremental procedural enhancements in citizen engagement, therefore representing modest strides in a broader agenda of EU democratisation.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Liebert, Ulrike
Demoicratic theory: Bridging positive, critical and normative approaches to European studies Book Chapter
In: The Elgar companion to the European Union, 2023.
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title = {Demoicratic theory: Bridging positive, critical and normative approaches to European studies},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Cretan Europa’s second coming Online
2022, visited: 13.06.2022.
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title = {Cretan Europa’s second coming},
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year = {2022},
date = {2022-06-13},
urldate = {2022-06-13},
journal = {The European Review of Books},
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abstract = {« Are you a citizen? » the young journalist asks me earnestly. I smile inside. Reminds me of another favorite, ‘have you stopped beating your wife?’ – yes, no, can’t win. « Sorry, no, at least not the citizen you are looking for...that would be one of the randomly chosen ones over there. »
I have never seen such a buzz in the Renaissance cluster of Badia Fiesolana, a medieval Roman Catholic monastery nested in the hills of Fiesole overlooking Florence. Not your everyday teaching day at the European University Institute: two hundred citizens have been invited from across Europe to take part in an experiment in continental democracy—the first transnational citizens’ assembly in the EU’s history. They have invaded my working space for what feels like a therapy weekend at the bedside of our aging European project. I happen to wear the hat of a so-called expert, servicing this endeavor. People of all ages and tongues are huddled in little groups or running around to stick their colored stickers over hundreds of messages pinned on the majestic building’s walls. Tomorrow, the citizens’ messages will be translated into recommendations for the EU and later their ambassadors will defend their views in Strasbourg’s European parliament hemicycle.
Today, in December 2021, these messengers are the beating heart of European politics. But for how long? To what end? Who really cares? },
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« Are you a citizen? » the young journalist asks me earnestly. I smile inside. Reminds me of another favorite, ‘have you stopped beating your wife?’ – yes, no, can’t win. « Sorry, no, at least not the citizen you are looking for...that would be one of the randomly chosen ones over there. »
I have never seen such a buzz in the Renaissance cluster of Badia Fiesolana, a medieval Roman Catholic monastery nested in the hills of Fiesole overlooking Florence. Not your everyday teaching day at the European University Institute: two hundred citizens have been invited from across Europe to take part in an experiment in continental democracy—the first transnational citizens’ assembly in the EU’s history. They have invaded my working space for what feels like a therapy weekend at the bedside of our aging European project. I happen to wear the hat of a so-called expert, servicing this endeavor. People of all ages and tongues are huddled in little groups or running around to stick their colored stickers over hundreds of messages pinned on the majestic building’s walls. Tomorrow, the citizens’ messages will be translated into recommendations for the EU and later their ambassadors will defend their views in Strasbourg’s European parliament hemicycle.
Today, in December 2021, these messengers are the beating heart of European politics. But for how long? To what end? Who really cares?
I have never seen such a buzz in the Renaissance cluster of Badia Fiesolana, a medieval Roman Catholic monastery nested in the hills of Fiesole overlooking Florence. Not your everyday teaching day at the European University Institute: two hundred citizens have been invited from across Europe to take part in an experiment in continental democracy—the first transnational citizens’ assembly in the EU’s history. They have invaded my working space for what feels like a therapy weekend at the bedside of our aging European project. I happen to wear the hat of a so-called expert, servicing this endeavor. People of all ages and tongues are huddled in little groups or running around to stick their colored stickers over hundreds of messages pinned on the majestic building’s walls. Tomorrow, the citizens’ messages will be translated into recommendations for the EU and later their ambassadors will defend their views in Strasbourg’s European parliament hemicycle.
Today, in December 2021, these messengers are the beating heart of European politics. But for how long? To what end? Who really cares?
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
‘Once in a Lifetime’? An Immanent Critique of NextGenerationEU Online
2022, visited: 01.06.2022.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
CoFoE should become permanent exercise into EU legislative process Online
Vasques, Eleonora (Ed.): 2022, visited: 08.02.2022.
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title = {CoFoE should become permanent exercise into EU legislative process},
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In an interview with EURACTIV, Professor Kalypso Nicolaïdis said that Conference on the Future of Europe (CoFoE), stakeholders have done the best they can do, but to make it a permanent exercise within the EU, there needs to be room for constructive criticism.
Alemanno, Alberto; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Citizen Power Europe Journal Article
In: The Groundwork of European Power, RED (Revue Européenne du Droit), vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 20, 2022.
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abstract = {This article argues that if the EU is to recover its dented popularity among European publics, we need to build a European democratic ecosystem to nurture, scale and ultimate accommodate the daily competing claims of Europe’s citizens. To attain this objective, it presents and discusses three big ideas that are at the heart of the renewed EU ecosystem that we are calling for. These are: participation beyond voting; a transnational and inclusive public space; and, a democratic panopticon for greater accountability. Promisingly enough, these ideas already find reflection in the first batch of the citizens’ recommendations emerging from the Conference on the Future of Europe (CoFoE). Even if these recommendations still need to be refined through deliberation by the plenary of the CoFoE, they add up a clear and urgent message: let’s tap into our collective intelligence and democratic imagination to construct a pan-European public sphere by enhancing mutual connections, knowledge and empowerment between citizens across borders.},
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This article argues that if the EU is to recover its dented popularity among European publics, we need to build a European democratic ecosystem to nurture, scale and ultimate accommodate the daily competing claims of Europe’s citizens. To attain this objective, it presents and discusses three big ideas that are at the heart of the renewed EU ecosystem that we are calling for. These are: participation beyond voting; a transnational and inclusive public space; and, a democratic panopticon for greater accountability. Promisingly enough, these ideas already find reflection in the first batch of the citizens’ recommendations emerging from the Conference on the Future of Europe (CoFoE). Even if these recommendations still need to be refined through deliberation by the plenary of the CoFoE, they add up a clear and urgent message: let’s tap into our collective intelligence and democratic imagination to construct a pan-European public sphere by enhancing mutual connections, knowledge and empowerment between citizens across borders.
Bercero, Ignacio Garcia; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Europe’s power surplus: legal empathy and the trade/regulation nexus Book Chapter
In: Understanding the EU as a Good Global Actor, pp. 19-36, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2022.
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Alemanno, Alberto; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
L’Europe Puissance Citoyenne Online
2021, visited: 31.12.2021.
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Youngs, Richard; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Reversing the Democratic Gaze Online
2021, visited: 24.11.2021.
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date = {2021-11-24},
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Alongside its traditional external democracy support, the EU needs to begin drawing on lessons and influences from other countries to help address Europe’s own democracy problems.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
The Democratic Panopticon Online
NOEMA 2021, visited: 30.06.2021.
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Harnessing our collective power and intelligence to create a culture of digitally enhanced citizen participation across borders.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Youth as redeemer Online
LSE, Conflict and Civil Society 2021.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Kant’s Mantle: Cosmopolitanism, Federalism and Constitutionalism as European Ideologies Journal Article
In: Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 1307-1328, 2020.
@article{Nicolaidïs2020d,
title = {Kant’s Mantle: Cosmopolitanism, Federalism and Constitutionalism as European Ideologies},
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This article explores the ways cosmopolitanism, federalism and constitutionalism have evolved in Europe from core philosophical concepts to political programmes, and ultimately ‘ideological benchmarks’ with highly contested meanings. I identify three alternative intellectual strategies for their appropriation, and through them the appropriation of ‘Kant’s mantle’, which both reflect and affect the EU public sphere. In the process, I ask how they can serve as resources conceptually to ground a third way for Europe. First, essentialist strategies appeal to affinities with the essence of these traditions, an essence anterior to or distinct from the particular variant of the ‘state writ large’ with which they might be identified in the public and scholarly imagination. Second, composite strategies employ various modifiers to deflect criticism. Thirdly, pollination strategies retain the flavor and questions raised by the three isms without necessarily coopting their labels.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Reimagined Democracy in Times of Pandemic Book Chapter
In: Maduro, Miguel; Kahn, Paul (Ed.): Democracy in Times of Pandemic , Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2020, ISBN: 1108845363.
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Lacey, Joseph; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Democracy and disintegration: Does the state of democracy in the EU put the integrity of the Union at risk? Book Chapter
In: Coman, Ramona; Crespy, Amandine; Schmidt, Vivien (Ed.): Textbook: Politics and Governance in the Post-Crisis, Cambridge University Press, 2020.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
For a Demoicratization of Eurozone Governance Book Chapter
In: Hennette, Stephanie (Ed.): How to Democratize Europe, pp. 100-108, Harvard University Press, 2019.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Braving the Waves? Europe’s Constitutional Settlement at 20 Journal Article
In: JCMS , vol. 56, no. 7, pp. 1614–1630, 2018.
@article{Nicolaidïs2018b,
title = {Braving the Waves? Europe’s Constitutional Settlement at 20},
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abstract = {This article reflects on the diagnosis proposed in 1998 by Moravcsik and Nicolaidis that the EU had reached an incipient constitutional settlement and makes two connected arguments. First, analytically, that contrary to the prevailing view, the EU's constitutional settlement is holding, although it has come under assault from federalists and sovereignists alike. The bicycle theory nevertheless continues to hold sway perhaps because paradigm shifts always exhibit significant lags. Second, normatively, to defend ‘the equilibrium’ does not amount to a defense of the status quo. On the contrary, and especially in the context of the eurozone crisis, we must reflect on the social foundations of the European project, of which intermittent democratic discontent is only one expression. The argument unfolds through four European cities, each regarding a different moment in the Constitutional saga of the last two decades, to conclude on the relationship between LI and demoicratic theory, as well as the promise of sustainable integration.},
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This article reflects on the diagnosis proposed in 1998 by Moravcsik and Nicolaidis that the EU had reached an incipient constitutional settlement and makes two connected arguments. First, analytically, that contrary to the prevailing view, the EU's constitutional settlement is holding, although it has come under assault from federalists and sovereignists alike. The bicycle theory nevertheless continues to hold sway perhaps because paradigm shifts always exhibit significant lags. Second, normatively, to defend ‘the equilibrium’ does not amount to a defense of the status quo. On the contrary, and especially in the context of the eurozone crisis, we must reflect on the social foundations of the European project, of which intermittent democratic discontent is only one expression. The argument unfolds through four European cities, each regarding a different moment in the Constitutional saga of the last two decades, to conclude on the relationship between LI and demoicratic theory, as well as the promise of sustainable integration.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Viehoff, Juri
Just boundaries for demoicrats Journal Article
In: Journal of European Integration, vol. 39, no. 5, 2017.
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title = {Just boundaries for demoicrats},
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year = {2017},
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journal = {Journal of European Integration},
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abstract = {This article asks what features should characterise the boundaries between the EU and the outside world from the standpoint of demoicracy. Section one summarises the normative core of that view and grounds it in the values of autonomy, equal recognition and non-domination. Section two categorises the issues that arise for the demoicrat when it comes to the consequences of political borders. We demonstrate – through the example of intra-demoicracy border crossing – why demoicrats will seek to follow the three desiderata of procedural fairness, just outcomes, and overall consistency in designing political solutions. Section three defends a set of principles that would ideally govern large-scale arrival of refugees. Section four addresses questions of non-ideal theory, reflecting on how demoïcratic theorists should think about current EU policies. Though we do not offer a comprehensive solution to the tensions we identify, the conclusion offers some proposals of how demoicrats may alleviate them.},
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This article asks what features should characterise the boundaries between the EU and the outside world from the standpoint of demoicracy. Section one summarises the normative core of that view and grounds it in the values of autonomy, equal recognition and non-domination. Section two categorises the issues that arise for the demoicrat when it comes to the consequences of political borders. We demonstrate – through the example of intra-demoicracy border crossing – why demoicrats will seek to follow the three desiderata of procedural fairness, just outcomes, and overall consistency in designing political solutions. Section three defends a set of principles that would ideally govern large-scale arrival of refugees. Section four addresses questions of non-ideal theory, reflecting on how demoïcratic theorists should think about current EU policies. Though we do not offer a comprehensive solution to the tensions we identify, the conclusion offers some proposals of how demoicrats may alleviate them.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Sustainable Integration in a Demoicratic Polity: A New (or not so new) Ambition For the European Union after Brexit Book Chapter
In: Staiger, Uta (Ed.): vol. Brexit and Beyond, Cambridge University Press, 2017.
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Cheneval, Francis; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
The Social Construction of Demoicracy in the EU Journal Article
In: European Journal of Political Theory, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 235-60, 2016.
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journal = {European Journal of Political Theory},
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abstract = {The Eurozone crisis has brought the imperative of democratic autonomy within the EU to the forefront, a concern at the core of demoicratic theory. The article seeks to move the scholarship on demoicratic theory a step further by exploring what we call the social construction of demoicratic reality. While the EU’s legal-institutional infrastructure may imperfectly approximate a demoicratic structure, we need ask to what extent the ‘bare bones’ demoicratic character of a polity can actually be grounded in a full-flesh social construct that is or could be acted out in the democratic experience and the self-awareness of its peoples. Ultimately, such an enquiry should help us understand whether a polity like the EU is actually and potentially a stable or unstable political form. We develop a consistent theory of popular sovereignty drawing on John Searle and HLA Hart to conceive the constitutionalised people (dêmos) as a social fact and the sovereignty of the people as a status ascribed to the people. We use this construction of demoicratic reality as a conceptual framework to understand the possibility of popular sovereignty being exercised concurrently by several rather than just one dêmos.},
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The Eurozone crisis has brought the imperative of democratic autonomy within the EU to the forefront, a concern at the core of demoicratic theory. The article seeks to move the scholarship on demoicratic theory a step further by exploring what we call the social construction of demoicratic reality. While the EU’s legal-institutional infrastructure may imperfectly approximate a demoicratic structure, we need ask to what extent the ‘bare bones’ demoicratic character of a polity can actually be grounded in a full-flesh social construct that is or could be acted out in the democratic experience and the self-awareness of its peoples. Ultimately, such an enquiry should help us understand whether a polity like the EU is actually and potentially a stable or unstable political form. We develop a consistent theory of popular sovereignty drawing on John Searle and HLA Hart to conceive the constitutionalised people (dêmos) as a social fact and the sovereignty of the people as a status ascribed to the people. We use this construction of demoicratic reality as a conceptual framework to understand the possibility of popular sovereignty being exercised concurrently by several rather than just one dêmos.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
EUtopia or Aporia? Europe’s Demoicracy in Crisis Book Chapter
In: Hubman, Philipp (Ed.): Political Aporia. Actors and Practices of Dilemma, 2016.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Watson, Max
Sharing the Eurocrats’ Dream: A Demoi-cratic Approach to EMU Governance in the Post-Crisis Era Book Chapter
In: Chalmers, Damian; Jachtenfuchs, Markus; Joerges, Christian (Ed.): vol. The End of the Eurocrats Dream, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2015.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Epilogue: the challenge of European demoi-cratization Journal Article
In: Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 145-153, 2015.
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The conclusion to the collection draws out some of the insights from the contributions on the various challenges facing European demoi-cratization.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Perils of Unity, Promise of Union Book Chapter
In: Maduro, Miguel; Wind, Marlene (Ed.): vol. The Transformation of Europe, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2015.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Demoicratic Theory and Europe’s Institutional Architecture in Times of Crisis Book Chapter
In: Piattoni, Simona (Ed.): vol. The European Union..., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Viehoff, Juri
Social Justice in the European Union: The Puzzles of Solidarity, Reciprocity and Choice Book
Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2015.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Youngs, Richard
Europe’s Democratic Trilemma Journal Article
In: International Affairs, November 2014, vol. 90, no. 6, pp. 1403-1419, 2014.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
A Demoicratic Conversation: An Interview with Kalypso Nicolaïdis Journal Article
In: St Antony’s International Review, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 8-21, 2014.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
We, the Peoples of Europe Journal Article
In: Foreign Affairs, vol. 83, no. 6, pp. 97-110, 2014, (Also available: “We, the Peoples of Europe”, in The Democratic Papers, British Council (Brussels), May 2004, pp. 20-32, URL: http://users.ox.ac.uk/%7Essfc0041/democraticpapers.pdf).
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Europe’s Ends Book Chapter
In: Wiesner, Claudia; Schmidt-Gleim, Meike (Ed.): The Meanings of Europe: Changes and Exchanges of a Contested Concept, pp. 236-259, Taylor & Francis, 2014, ISBN: 978-0-415-85706-2.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Bellamy,; Staiger, (Ed.): UCL Publications 2013.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Pragmatism, Idealism And European Demoicracy Online
Social Europe Journal 2013.
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title = {Pragmatism, Idealism And European Demoicracy},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
European Demoicracy and Its Crisis Journal Article
In: Journal of Common Market Studies , vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 351–369, 2013.
@article{Nicolaidïs2013b,
title = {European Demoicracy and Its Crisis},
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abstract = {This article offers an overview and reconsideration of the idea of European demoicracy in the context of the current crisis. It defines demoicracy as ‘a Union of peoples, understood both as states and as citizens, who govern together but not as one,’ and argues that the concept is best understood as a third way, distinct from both national and supranational versions of single demos polities. The concept of demoicracy can serve both as an analytical lens for the EU-as-is and as a normative benchmark, but one which cannot simply be inferred from its praxis. Instead, the article deploys a ‘normative-inductive’ approach according to which the EU’s normative core - transnational non-domination and transnational mutual recognition - is grounded on what the EU still seeks to escape. Such norms need to be protected and perfected if the EU is to live up to its essence. The article suggests ten tentative guiding principles for the EU to continue turning such norms into practice.},
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This article offers an overview and reconsideration of the idea of European demoicracy in the context of the current crisis. It defines demoicracy as ‘a Union of peoples, understood both as states and as citizens, who govern together but not as one,’ and argues that the concept is best understood as a third way, distinct from both national and supranational versions of single demos polities. The concept of demoicracy can serve both as an analytical lens for the EU-as-is and as a normative benchmark, but one which cannot simply be inferred from its praxis. Instead, the article deploys a ‘normative-inductive’ approach according to which the EU’s normative core - transnational non-domination and transnational mutual recognition - is grounded on what the EU still seeks to escape. Such norms need to be protected and perfected if the EU is to live up to its essence. The article suggests ten tentative guiding principles for the EU to continue turning such norms into practice.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
The Idea of European Demoicracy Book Chapter
In: Dickson, Julie; Eleftheriadis, Pavlos (Ed.): vol. Philosophical Foundations of EU Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Germany as Europe: How the Constitutional Court unwittingly embraced demoi-cracy: A Comment on Franz Mayer Journal Article
In: International Journal of Constitutional Law, vol. 9, no. 3-4, pp. 786-792, 2011.
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Pelabay, Janie
One Union, One Story? In Praise of Europe’s Narrative Diversity Book Chapter
In: Warleigh-Lack, Alex (Ed.): vol. Reflections on European Integration, Palgrave, 2008.
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Pelabay, Janie; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Comment raconter l’Europe tout en prenant la diversité narrative au sérieux? Online
Raison Publique: Ethique, Politique et Société 2007.
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Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
We, the Peoples of Europe Journal Article
In: Foreign Affairs, vol. 83, no. 6, pp. 97-110, 2004.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Notre Démo-cratie européenne; Cette constitution est-elle une troisième voie pour l’Europe? Book Chapter
In: vol. L’ Europe en Partage, Lignes-Léo Scheer, 2004.
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Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Notre Démo-cratie européenne; Cette constitution est-elle une troisième voie pour l’Europe? Journal Article
In: Lignes n°13: L’ Europe en Partage, 2004, ISBN: 978-2849380062.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
The new constitution as european ‘demoi‐cracy’? Journal Article
In: Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, vol. 7, pp. 76-93, 2004.
@article{Nicolaidïs2003,
title = {The new constitution as european ‘demoi‐cracy’?},
author = {Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369823042000235985?scroll=top&needAccess=true},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369823042000235985},
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abstract = {How should we assess the project for a Constitution presented by the Convention on the Future of Europe? This paper argues that in order to succeed, an EU Constitution would need to present a positive vision of what democracy in Europe is about. While the draft Constitution fails in finding the right language in this regard, it does nevertheless contain an all too implicit manifesto: that ours is a European ‘demoi‐cracy’ founded on the recognition of the persistent plurality of its component peoples but not reducible to a set of complex bargains between sovereign states. The paper analyses the main feature of the project against this benchmark and argues that it is closer to the spirit of demoi‐cracy when dealing with the vertical relationship between the Union and its member‐states than when dealing with the horizontal relationship among the member‐states themselves.},
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How should we assess the project for a Constitution presented by the Convention on the Future of Europe? This paper argues that in order to succeed, an EU Constitution would need to present a positive vision of what democracy in Europe is about. While the draft Constitution fails in finding the right language in this regard, it does nevertheless contain an all too implicit manifesto: that ours is a European ‘demoi‐cracy’ founded on the recognition of the persistent plurality of its component peoples but not reducible to a set of complex bargains between sovereign states. The paper analyses the main feature of the project against this benchmark and argues that it is closer to the spirit of demoi‐cracy when dealing with the vertical relationship between the Union and its member‐states than when dealing with the horizontal relationship among the member‐states themselves.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Messina, Aïcha
Demos et Demoï: Fonder la constitution Journal Article
In: Lignes 1, vol. 1, pp. 88-109, 2004.
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Weatherill, Stephen; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Whose Europe? National Models and the Constitution of the European Union Online
Weatherill, Stephen; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso (Ed.): 2003.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Our European Demoi-cracy: Is this Constitution a Third Way for Europe? Book Chapter
In: Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Weatherill, Stephen (Ed.): vol. Whose Europe?, Oxford University Press, Oxford, European Studies at Oxford Series, 2003.
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Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Our European Demoi-cracy: Is this Constitution a third way for Europe? Online
Stephen Weatherill, Kalypso Nicolaidïs (Ed.): European Studies at Oxford 2003.
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European Monetary Union
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
For a Demoicratization of Eurozone Governance Book Chapter
In: Hennette, Stephanie (Ed.): How to Democratize Europe, pp. 100-108, Harvard University Press, 2019.
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Enoch, Charles; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
The art of triangulation: Will Greece’s debt crisis finally come to an end? Online
Programme on the Political Economy of Financial Market and SEESOX, University of Oxford 2017.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Begg, Iain; Bongardt, Annette; Torres, Francisco
EMU and Sustainable Integration Journal Article
In: Journal of European Integration, vol. 37, no. 7, 2015.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Watson, Max
Sharing the Eurocrats’ Dream: A Demoi-cratic Approach to EMU Governance in the Post-Crisis Era Book Chapter
In: Chalmers, Damian; Jachtenfuchs, Markus; Joerges, Christian (Ed.): vol. The End of the Eurocrats Dream, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2015.
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Managed Mutual Recognition, Regulatory Cooperation and Competition
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Verfassungsblog 2019.
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Latifi, Veton; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Resolving the Macedonian Name Dispute: Prospect for Transformative Mutual Recognition Online
ECFR 2017.
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title = {Resolving the Macedonian Name Dispute: Prospect for Transformative Mutual Recognition},
author = {Veton Latifi and Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
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year = {2017},
date = {2017-12-12},
organization = {ECFR},
abstract = {This article argues that the current window of opportunity must be seized and provides a roadmap to resolving the Macedonian Name Dispute. It argues that the dispute needs to be addressed under the principles of freedom, responsibility and mutual recognition. In this spirit, the two sides need to distinguish between issues where they can agree to disagree and those where they need to agree; they need to agree to the goal for their negotiations; and they need to agree on a breakthrough and a roadmap. They also need to agree on a story, that Macedonia is a region shared between several states which must all abstain from “identity monopoly.” On this ground, a new permanent name can be agreed to and its adoption for international, not domestic purposes, can be linked to NATO membership and EU negotiations. Name options are mapped out through three levels of specificity, where the authors indicate what they believe to be the pros and cons of each option.},
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This article argues that the current window of opportunity must be seized and provides a roadmap to resolving the Macedonian Name Dispute. It argues that the dispute needs to be addressed under the principles of freedom, responsibility and mutual recognition. In this spirit, the two sides need to distinguish between issues where they can agree to disagree and those where they need to agree; they need to agree to the goal for their negotiations; and they need to agree on a breakthrough and a roadmap. They also need to agree on a story, that Macedonia is a region shared between several states which must all abstain from “identity monopoly.” On this ground, a new permanent name can be agreed to and its adoption for international, not domestic purposes, can be linked to NATO membership and EU negotiations. Name options are mapped out through three levels of specificity, where the authors indicate what they believe to be the pros and cons of each option.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Mutual Recognition: Promise and Denial, from Sapiens to Brexit Journal Article
In: Current Legal Problems, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 1-40, 2017.
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abstract = {This contribution argues that the European crisis in general and Brexit in particular, can be seen to reflect the partial loss of the ethos of a principle that has been at the heart of the EU, namely mutual recognition. While familiar to legal scholars as a norm governing the integration of markets and the management of conflicts of law, the essay seeks to show how this principle bears on our current European predicament as a philoso- phical concept and a form of governance between states before dwelling on the intricacies of mutual recognition in the EU single market. Because recog- nition is sought, obtained or denied in all social spheres, every discipline has its own complex variation on this simple theme requiring to connect legal theory with anthropology, philosophy, history, sociology and international relations. The essay spans all these fields through eight takes (mutual Recognition shunned, invented, enshrined, constitutionalised, managed, ‘on trial’, lost, and for grabs) which can also be interpreted as different time horizons (from Sapiens to Brexit through Westphalia). Each take provides a variation on what is referred to as “mutual recognition paradox”, eg how to increase mutual engagement and mutual deference at the very same time.},
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This contribution argues that the European crisis in general and Brexit in particular, can be seen to reflect the partial loss of the ethos of a principle that has been at the heart of the EU, namely mutual recognition. While familiar to legal scholars as a norm governing the integration of markets and the management of conflicts of law, the essay seeks to show how this principle bears on our current European predicament as a philoso- phical concept and a form of governance between states before dwelling on the intricacies of mutual recognition in the EU single market. Because recog- nition is sought, obtained or denied in all social spheres, every discipline has its own complex variation on this simple theme requiring to connect legal theory with anthropology, philosophy, history, sociology and international relations. The essay spans all these fields through eight takes (mutual Recognition shunned, invented, enshrined, constitutionalised, managed, ‘on trial’, lost, and for grabs) which can also be interpreted as different time horizons (from Sapiens to Brexit through Westphalia). Each take provides a variation on what is referred to as “mutual recognition paradox”, eg how to increase mutual engagement and mutual deference at the very same time.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Charlie Hebdo numero 1178: all is forgiven? Online
2015.
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Gartzou-Katsouyanni, Kira; Sternberg, Claudia Schrag; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
The Euro Crisis and the denial of the other. Rebuilding mutual recognition Book Chapter
In: Monnet, Eric; Sternberg, Claudia Schrag (Ed.): Euro, les années critiques, Presses Universitaires de France, 2015.
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title = {The Euro Crisis and the denial of the other. Rebuilding mutual recognition },
author = {Kira Gartzou-Katsouyanni and Claudia Schrag Sternberg and Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
editor = {Eric Monnet and Claudia Schrag Sternberg},
url = {https://kalypsonicolaidis.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Gartzou_Nicolaidis_Sternberg_2015_The_Eu.pdf},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-00-00},
booktitle = {Euro, les années critiques},
publisher = {Presses Universitaires de France},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Kir Forever? The Journey of a Political Scientist in the landscape of recognition Book Chapter
In: Azoulai, Loic (Ed.): The Past and Future of EU Law; The Classics of EU Law Revisited on the 50th Anniversary of the Rome Treaty, London: Hart Publishing, 2010.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Trusting the Poles? Constructing Europe through mutual recognition Journal Article
In: Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 682–698, 2007, ISBN: 1350-1763.
@article{Nicolaidïs2007e,
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abstract = {European integration has been and will continue to be flawed with conflicts, conflicts of interests embedded in broader conflicts of identity. I argue that these conflicts and the bargains they require exhibit similar patterns across a wide array of issues, as struggaes around ‘mutual’ recognition where mutuality plays a crucial role. Indeed, the challenges and perils of recognition are universal. But Europe can be seen as an experimental polity where, more formally than else- where, actors debate the contours of a norm which has migrated from regulatory praxis to mode of governance, and beyond, to political principle. If the ‘Polish plumber’ has come to serve as the emblem for the denial of recognition in the EU, mutual recognition is no less conflictual when it comes to the status of refugees, Bosnians or cartoonists. Normatively, if ‘managed mutual recognition’ is to serve as a blueprint beyond international political economy, we need to better analyse the relationship between recognition and trust, blind and binding trust, deferential and interventionist recognition.},
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European integration has been and will continue to be flawed with conflicts, conflicts of interests embedded in broader conflicts of identity. I argue that these conflicts and the bargains they require exhibit similar patterns across a wide array of issues, as struggaes around ‘mutual’ recognition where mutuality plays a crucial role. Indeed, the challenges and perils of recognition are universal. But Europe can be seen as an experimental polity where, more formally than else- where, actors debate the contours of a norm which has migrated from regulatory praxis to mode of governance, and beyond, to political principle. If the ‘Polish plumber’ has come to serve as the emblem for the denial of recognition in the EU, mutual recognition is no less conflictual when it comes to the status of refugees, Bosnians or cartoonists. Normatively, if ‘managed mutual recognition’ is to serve as a blueprint beyond international political economy, we need to better analyse the relationship between recognition and trust, blind and binding trust, deferential and interventionist recognition.
Shaffer, Gregory; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Transnational Mutual Recognition Regimes: Governance Without Global Government Journal Article
In: 2005.
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year = {2005},
date = {2005-08-31},
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Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Globalization with Human Faces: Managed Mutual Recognition and the Free Movement of Professionals Book Chapter
In: Schioppa, F. K. Padoa (Ed.): The Principle of Mutual Recognition in the European Integration Process, pp. 129-189, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
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year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-00},
booktitle = {The Principle of Mutual Recognition in the European Integration Process},
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abstract = {While short-term capital flows and foreign direct investment have never moved across borders so freely, neither has the international movement of people been so ‘managed’. This is one of the apparent paradoxes at the heart of today’s pattern of globalization. In an era of much-proclaimed liberalism, rules at the national level governing conditions for the granting of visas, work or residence permits, and ultimately permanent residence and naturalization, constitute perhaps the strongest remaining expression of state power. These rules are hardly subject to any international oversight, or even coordination, save in the restricted realm of asylum, where the national norms relating to the movement of people become subject to international human-rights norms. The paradox, of course, is only apparent. The weight of forces driving the liberalization of capital movement dwarfs those driving the free movement of people. More fundamentally, policies addressing migration, bound up as they are with the ‘who is “us”’, the definition of political as well as economic boundaries, and, ultimately, the flexibility or lack thereof of group identities, escape the sole constraint of economic rationality.},
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While short-term capital flows and foreign direct investment have never moved across borders so freely, neither has the international movement of people been so ‘managed’. This is one of the apparent paradoxes at the heart of today’s pattern of globalization. In an era of much-proclaimed liberalism, rules at the national level governing conditions for the granting of visas, work or residence permits, and ultimately permanent residence and naturalization, constitute perhaps the strongest remaining expression of state power. These rules are hardly subject to any international oversight, or even coordination, save in the restricted realm of asylum, where the national norms relating to the movement of people become subject to international human-rights norms. The paradox, of course, is only apparent. The weight of forces driving the liberalization of capital movement dwarfs those driving the free movement of people. More fundamentally, policies addressing migration, bound up as they are with the ‘who is “us”’, the definition of political as well as economic boundaries, and, ultimately, the flexibility or lack thereof of group identities, escape the sole constraint of economic rationality.
Egan, Michelle; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Transnational market governance and regional policy externality: why recognize foreign standards? Journal Article
In: Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 454–473, 2001, ISSN: 1350–1763.
@article{Egan2001,
title = {Transnational market governance and regional policy externality: why recognize foreign standards?},
author = {Michelle Egan and Kalypso Nicolaïdis},
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doi = {10.1080/13501760110056068},
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year = {2001},
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journal = {Journal of European Public Policy},
volume = {8},
number = {3},
pages = {454–473},
abstract = {Addressing non-discriminatory barriers to trade in the form of national standards and regulations has become central to global trade diplomacy. As a result, we increasingly observe a combined delegation of regulatory authority across borders and from the public to the private sectors through the norms of mutual recognition and standardization. This paper asks what the conditions are for such transnational market governance and seeks to explain variations in the specic applications of these principles across different levels of governance, European, transatlantic and international. First, we argue that European integration has resulted in regional policy externalities, whereby developments in the single market changed the operating environment for non-EU actors, creating a demand for negotiations both on their part and on the EU’s part. Through such strategic spillover, the EU has beneted from a ‘rst mover advantage’ by exporting core elements of its model. Second, we argue that regulatory compatibility between countries constitutes only part of the explanation for effective common governance. To account for modes of governance we also need to examine institutional conditions both internally and transnationally.},
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Addressing non-discriminatory barriers to trade in the form of national standards and regulations has become central to global trade diplomacy. As a result, we increasingly observe a combined delegation of regulatory authority across borders and from the public to the private sectors through the norms of mutual recognition and standardization. This paper asks what the conditions are for such transnational market governance and seeks to explain variations in the specic applications of these principles across different levels of governance, European, transatlantic and international. First, we argue that European integration has resulted in regional policy externalities, whereby developments in the single market changed the operating environment for non-EU actors, creating a demand for negotiations both on their part and on the EU’s part. Through such strategic spillover, the EU has beneted from a ‘rst mover advantage’ by exporting core elements of its model. Second, we argue that regulatory compatibility between countries constitutes only part of the explanation for effective common governance. To account for modes of governance we also need to examine institutional conditions both internally and transnationally.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Regulatory cooperation and managed mutual recognition: elements of a strategic model Book Chapter
In: Transatlantic Regulatory Cooperation, Legal Problems and Political Prospects, pp. 571-600, 2001.
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Trachtman, Joel P.; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
From Policed Regulation to Managed Recognition in GATS Book Chapter
In: Sauvé, Pierre; Stern, Robert M. (Ed.): GATS 2000: New Directions in Services Trade Liberalization, pp. 241-280, Brookings Institution Press, Washington D.C., 2000.
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Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Managed Mutual Recognition: The New Approach to the Liberalization of Professional Services Online
Liberalization of Trade in Professional Services, (OECD Publications) 1997.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Mutual recognition, regulatory competition and the globalization of professional services Book Chapter
In: Aharoni, Yair (Ed.): Coalitions and Competition: The Globalization of Professional Business Services, Routledge publishers, London, 1993, ISBN: 9780415722599.
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Sustainable Integration
Azmanova, Albena; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Democracy with foresight: the key to a socially sustainable transition in Europe (and beyond) Book Chapter
In: Europe in transition – Towards sustainable resilience, The European Trade Union Institute (ETUI), 2023.
@inbook{Azmanova2023,
title = {Democracy with foresight: the key to a socially sustainable transition in Europe (and beyond)},
author = {Albena Azmanova and Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
url = {https://kalypsonicolaidis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Benchmarking-Working-Europe-2023_Towards-sustainable-resilience_2023.pdf},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-00-00},
urldate = {2023-00-00},
booktitle = {Europe in transition – Towards sustainable resilience},
issuetitle = {Benchmarking Working Europe 2023},
journal = {Benchmarking Working Europe 2023},
publisher = {The European Trade Union Institute (ETUI)},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Sustainable Integration: The silver lining of a democratically challenged EU Online
Bertelsmann Stiftung 2019.
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author = {Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
url = {https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/BSt/Publikationen/GrauePublikationen/Essay_Nicolaidis.pdf},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-00-00},
organization = {Bertelsmann Stiftung},
abstract = {The EU should act as the guardian of sustainable integration. Sustainable integration in this sense comprises but is broader than the sustainability agenda of the UN, and includes all policies, laws, and actions.},
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The EU should act as the guardian of sustainable integration. Sustainable integration in this sense comprises but is broader than the sustainability agenda of the UN, and includes all policies, laws, and actions.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Sustainable Integration in a Demoicratic Polity: A New (or not so new) Ambition For the European Union after Brexit Book Chapter
In: Staiger, Uta (Ed.): vol. Brexit and Beyond, Cambridge University Press, 2017.
@inbook{Nicolaidïs2017g,
title = {Sustainable Integration in a Demoicratic Polity: A New (or not so new) Ambition For the European Union after Brexit},
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editor = {Uta Staiger},
url = {http://kalypsonicolaidis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Sustainable-Integration-Nicolaidis-Final.pdf},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-00-00},
journal = {Brexit and Beyond},
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publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Sustainable Integration: A New Ambition for the EU Online
Social Europe 2016.
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author = {Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
url = {https://www.socialeurope.eu/sustainable-integration-new-ambition-eu},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-10-00},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Begg, Iain; Bongardt, Annette; Torres, Francisco
EMU and Sustainable Integration Journal Article
In: Journal of European Integration, vol. 37, no. 7, 2015.
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title = {EMU and Sustainable Integration},
author = {Kalypso Nicolaidïs and Iain Begg and Annette Bongardt and Francisco Torres},
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year = {2015},
date = {2015-11-00},
journal = {Journal of European Integration},
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number = {7},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Viehoff, Juri
The Choice for Sustainable Solidarity in Post-Crisis Europe Journal Article
In: Europe in Dialogue, vol. 23, 2012.
@article{Nicolaidïs2012c,
title = {The Choice for Sustainable Solidarity in Post-Crisis Europe},
author = {Kalypso Nicolaidïs and Juri Viehoff},
url = {https://kalypsonicolaidis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/SolidarityNicolaidis_Viehoff.pdf},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-00},
urldate = {2012-01-00},
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volume = {23},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
EU 2.0: Towards Sustainable integration Online
OpenDemocracy 2010.
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title = {EU 2.0: Towards Sustainable integration},
author = {Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
url = {https://www.opendemocracy.net/kalypso-nicola%C3%AFdis/project-europe-2030-towards-sustainable-integration},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-07-12},
organization = {OpenDemocracy},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Sustainable Integration: Towards EU 2.0? Journal Article
In: Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 48, pp. pp. 21–54, 2010.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
EU 2.0: Towards Sustainable integration Online
OpenDemocracy 2010.
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author = {Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
url = {https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/project-europe-2030-towards-sustainable-integration/},
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Justice Beyond the State
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
The Cassis Legacy: Kir, Banks, Plumbers, Drugs, Criminals and Refugees Book Chapter
In: Davies, Bill; Nicola, Fernanda (Ed.): European Law Stories: Critical and Contextual Histories of European Jurisprudence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
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title = {The Cassis Legacy: Kir, Banks, Plumbers, Drugs, Criminals and Refugees},
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url = {https://kalypsonicolaidis.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/nikolaidis-the-cassis-legacy-2016.pdf},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-04-00},
booktitle = { European Law Stories: Critical and Contextual Histories of European Jurisprudence},
publisher = {Cambridge: Cambridge University Press},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Viehoff, Juri
Social Justice in the European Union: The Puzzles of Solidarity, Reciprocity and Choice Book
Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2015.
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title = {Social Justice in the European Union: The Puzzles of Solidarity, Reciprocity and Choice},
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url = {https://kalypsonicolaidis.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Justice-by-Viehoff-and-Nicolaidis-1.pdf},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Clark, Phil; Kaufman, Zachary D.
Tensions in Transitional Justice Book Chapter
In: Clark, Phil; Kaufman, Zachary D. (Ed.): vol. After Genocide, Columbia University Press/C. Hurst & Co., New York/London, 2008.
@inbook{Nicolaidïs2008,
title = {Tensions in Transitional Justice},
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url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/25741418},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-00-00},
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Lacroix, Justine; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Quelle justice au-delà de l'État-nation ? Deux paradigmes pour l'Europe Journal Article
In: Mouvements, vol. 5, no. 35, pp. 105-113, 2004.
@article{Lacroix2004,
title = {Quelle justice au-delà de l'État-nation ? Deux paradigmes pour l'Europe},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Lacroix, Justine
Order and Justice Beyond the Nation-State: Europe’s Competing Paradigms Book Chapter
In: Foot, Rosemary; Hurrell, Andrew (Ed.): vol. Order and Justice in IR, Oxford University Press, 2002.
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European Narratives
Lenz, Tobias; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
EU-topia? A critique of the European Union as a model Journal Article
In: Culture, Practice & Europeanization, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 78-101, 2019.
@article{Nicolaidïs2019d,
title = {EU-topia? A critique of the European Union as a model},
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url = {https://kalypsonicolaidis.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Lenz_Nicolaidis-EUasamodel.pdf},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-00-00},
journal = {Culture, Practice & Europeanization},
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pages = {78-101},
abstract = {The paper critically appraises the idea, both descriptively and normatively, that the Euro- pean Union (EU) system can and should serve as a model for governance beyond its own borders. Engaging the postcolonial literature, it proposes a critical analysis of the idea, dis- course and practice of Europe-as-a-model. We argue for a problematization of the label “model” without denying the value added by EU governance for the rest of the world. We start by developing an analytical heuristic that builds on three semantic meanings of the term model and outline the challenges of interpretation and translation that are associ- ated with each. We then discuss these challenges along the Hegelian three-step of the model idea (thesis), its postcolonial antithesis and our constructive critique that seeks to steer a middle ground. We advocate greater reflexivity on the part of Europeans, that is, to systematically question assumptions behind their discourse and practice. If the cosmo- politan promise is to be retrieved from the radical critique of Eurocentricism, Europeans need to infuse the EU’s message and practice with an ethos of mutual recognition as a crucial feature of a post-colonial agenda for the EU’s role in the world.},
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The paper critically appraises the idea, both descriptively and normatively, that the Euro- pean Union (EU) system can and should serve as a model for governance beyond its own borders. Engaging the postcolonial literature, it proposes a critical analysis of the idea, dis- course and practice of Europe-as-a-model. We argue for a problematization of the label “model” without denying the value added by EU governance for the rest of the world. We start by developing an analytical heuristic that builds on three semantic meanings of the term model and outline the challenges of interpretation and translation that are associ- ated with each. We then discuss these challenges along the Hegelian three-step of the model idea (thesis), its postcolonial antithesis and our constructive critique that seeks to steer a middle ground. We advocate greater reflexivity on the part of Europeans, that is, to systematically question assumptions behind their discourse and practice. If the cosmo- politan promise is to be retrieved from the radical critique of Eurocentricism, Europeans need to infuse the EU’s message and practice with an ethos of mutual recognition as a crucial feature of a post-colonial agenda for the EU’s role in the world.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
The Cassis Legacy: Kir, Banks, Plumbers, Drugs, Criminals and Refugees Book Chapter
In: Davies, Bill; Nicola, Fernanda (Ed.): European Law Stories: Critical and Contextual Histories of European Jurisprudence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
My Eutopia: Empathy in a Union of Others Book Chapter
In: Segers, Mathieu; Albrecht, Yoeri (Ed.): Re:Thinking Europe, Thoughts on Europe: Past, Present and Future, Amsterdam University Press, 2016.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Balibar ou L’ Europe Evanescente Online
2015.
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Gartzou-Katsouyanni, Kira; Shrag, Claudia; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
La crise de la zone Euro et le déni de l’autre Pour une reconstruction de la reconnaissance mutuelle Journal Article
In: 2015.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Towards Responsible Interdependence Book Chapter
In: Maduro, Miguel Poiares (Ed.): An EU agenda for global governance, European University Institute, 2011.
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Lacroix, Justine; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
European Stories: An Introduction Book Chapter
In: Lacroix, Justine; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso (Ed.): vol. European Stories, OUP, Oxford, 2010, ISBN: 9780199594627.
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The editors provide a brief overview of debates over Europe and the European Union in the longue durée, and set the use of the term “intellectual” in historical context. They then question the (near) absence of intellectual debates on European integration during the Cold War, suggesting explanations for the paradox of an apparent loss of interest in discussing the European project just as it was becoming an institutional reality. The third section suggests that the myriad of visions and positions on the EU in the last two decades can be clustered around three distinct normative models – national, supra‐national, and transnational‐ (the first two being statist)– variants of which can be found across national contexts. Finally, the introduction provides an outline of the volume as a whole through an overview of its chapters.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Kir Forever? The Journey of a Political Scientist in the landscape of recognition Book Chapter
In: Azoulai, Loic (Ed.): The Past and Future of EU Law; The Classics of EU Law Revisited on the 50th Anniversary of the Rome Treaty, London: Hart Publishing, 2010.
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Pelabay, Janie
One Union, One Story? In Praise of Europe’s Narrative Diversity Book Chapter
In: Warleigh-Lack, Alex (Ed.): vol. Reflections on European Integration, Palgrave, 2008.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Our Democratic Atonement: Why we Need an Agora Europe Book Chapter
In: The People’s Project? New European Treaty and the Prospects for Future Negotiations, pp. 90-99, European Policy Centre, Brussels, 2007.
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Howse, Robert; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
‘This is my EUtopia…’: Narratives of Power Book
1 edition, Wiley-Blackwell, 2003, ISBN: 978-1-405-11232-1.
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The original comparative mission of JCMS testifies to the propensity of the EU, since its inception, to project its model on to the rest of the world. This article argues that narratives of projection are indeed key to the EU’s global influence and that, in this particular sense, the idea of Europe as a civilian power is more relevant than ever. But such narratives require our engagement with their reflexive nature: what is usually projected is not the EU as is, but an EUtopia. At a time when both the EU and the international trade system are undergoing crises of legitimacy, EU actors can learn a lot from the remedies suggested for the global level by such an EUtopia.
Howse, Robert; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
‘This is my EUtopia…’: Narratives of Power Journal Article
In: Journal Of Common Market Studies, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 767-92, 2002.
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Memory and Identity
Gartzou-Katsouyanni, Kira; Shrag, Claudia; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
La crise de la zone Euro et le déni de l’autre Pour une reconstruction de la reconnaissance mutuelle Journal Article
In: 2015.
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Akkoyunlu, Karabekir; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso; Öktem, Kerem
The Western Condition: Turkey, the US and the EU in the New Middle East Online
2013.
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Bechev, Dimitar; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Mediterranean Frontiers: Borders, Conflict and Memory in a Transnational World Book
1 edition, I B Tauris & Co Ltd, 2009, ISBN: 9780857714671.
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The identity of any nation-state is inextricably linked with its borders and frontiers. Borders connect nations and sustain notions of social cohesion. Yet they are also the sites of division, fragmentation and political conflict. This ambitious study encompasses North Africa, the Middle East, and South and South East Europe to examine the emergence of state borders and polarised identities in the Mediterranean. The authors look at the impact of political boundaries upon the region, along with pressures from European and economic integration, the resurgence of nationalism, and refugee and security concerns. The authors explore the politics of memory, and ask whether echoes from the imperial past - Ottoman and colonial - could provide the basis for conflict resolution, region-building and economic integration.
Rule of Law
Merdzanovic, Adis; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Advocacy for a citizen-centric rule of law agenda: How do we bring the rule of law to life? Journal Article
In: Eur Law J. 2021;1–9., 2021.
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How do we best defend the rule of law against its attackers, both within the European Union and outside of it? Often, the rule of law has been perceived as a domain belonging to jurists, lawyers, bureaucrats, or politicians. Yet at its most fundamental, the rule of law needs to be thought of from a citizen's perspective. When enforced, it guarantees freedoms and liberties for citizens and enables us to live peacefully. In this article, we propose a citizen-centric rule of law agenda based on a deep conviction that it is if and when it becomes a citizen-based societal principle that its many attackers are best countered. We discuss the challenges and necessities of rule of law promotion and propose an assessment approach called the “living list”. We close with a call for citizen-scholars to fight for the rule of law, the most precious human invention of all time.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Merdzanovic, Adis
A Citizen’s Guide to the Rule of Law Book
ibidem Press, 2021, ISBN: 9783838215419.
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In our daily lives, the rule of law matters more than anything and yet remains an invisible presence. We trust in the rule of law to protect us from governmental overreach, mafia godfathers, or the will of the majority. We take the rule of law for granted, often failing to recognize its demise—until it is too late. For under attack it is, not only in the growing number of authoritarian countries around the world but in Europe, too.
As a citizen’s guide, this book explains in plain language what the rule of law is, why it matters, and why we have to defend it. The starting point is to ask why EU efforts to promote the rule of law in candidate countries have succeeded or failed, and what this tells us about what is happening inside the EU. The authors move on to suggest ways of strengthening the rule of law in Europe and beyond. This book is a call to action in defense of the most precious human invention of all time.
As a citizen’s guide, this book explains in plain language what the rule of law is, why it matters, and why we have to defend it. The starting point is to ask why EU efforts to promote the rule of law in candidate countries have succeeded or failed, and what this tells us about what is happening inside the EU. The authors move on to suggest ways of strengthening the rule of law in Europe and beyond. This book is a call to action in defense of the most precious human invention of all time.
Azmanova, Albena; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
The rule of law: a simple phrase with exacting demands Online
Social Europe 2020.
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If the finger is to be pointed—rightly—at Hungary and Poland, then the EU must insist on compliance by all with universal norms.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
The Cassis Legacy: Kir, Banks, Plumbers, Drugs, Criminals and Refugees Book Chapter
In: Davies, Bill; Nicola, Fernanda (Ed.): European Law Stories: Critical and Contextual Histories of European Jurisprudence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
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Kleinfeld, Rachel; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Rethinking Europe’s Rule of Law and Enlargement Agenda: The Fundamental Dilemma Journal Article
In: Jean Monnet Working Paper, vol. 08, no. 12, 2012, ISSN: 2161-0320, (The Jean Monnet Working Paper Series).
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Kleinfeld, Rachel; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Can a Post-Colonial Power Export the Rule of Law? Element of a General Framework Book Chapter
In: Palombella, Gianluigi; Walker, Neil (Ed.): Relocating the Rule of Law, Chapter 7, pp. 139–170, Hart Publishing, 2009, ISBN: 978-1-4725-6463-4.
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The European dilemma in exporting the rule of law starts with the two faces of universalism: ‘our system is better than yours and should prevail’ and ‘you deserve what we have’. Is exporting the rule of law a by-product of conquest and domination or of transnational responsibility and cosmopolitan solidarity? What would it take for the EU to act as a genuine ‘post-colonial’ power in this realm, self-reflexive about the echoes of its colonial past and legitimate in the eyes of other countries? Be it as invaders, colonisers or traders, great powers have long viewed bringing their laws or even ‘The Law’ to other peoples as a mark of greatness. There was no higher honour Rome could bestow than bringing citizens from the edges of the Empire under the civilising shadow of Roman laws—which in turn became one of Rome’s enduring legacies to Europe. In the nineteenth century, the great European colonial powers exported their laws as ‘standards of civilisation’ to much of the world, whether directly colonised or the object of asymmetric treaties.
Lacroix, Justine; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Quelle justice au-delà de l'État-nation ? Deux paradigmes pour l'Europe Journal Article
In: Mouvements, vol. 5, no. 35, pp. 105-113, 2004.
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Constitutionalism, Federalism & Institutions
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Kant’s Mantle: Cosmopolitanism, Federalism and Constitutionalism as European Ideologies Journal Article
In: Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 1307-1328, 2020.
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number = {9},
pages = {1307-1328},
abstract = {This article explores the ways cosmopolitanism, federalism and constitutionalism have evolved in Europe from core philosophical concepts to political programmes, and ultimately ‘ideological benchmarks’ with highly contested meanings. I identify three alternative intellectual strategies for their appropriation, and through them the appropriation of ‘Kant’s mantle’, which both reflect and affect the EU public sphere. In the process, I ask how they can serve as resources conceptually to ground a third way for Europe. First, essentialist strategies appeal to affinities with the essence of these traditions, an essence anterior to or distinct from the particular variant of the ‘state writ large’ with which they might be identified in the public and scholarly imagination. Second, composite strategies employ various modifiers to deflect criticism. Thirdly, pollination strategies retain the flavor and questions raised by the three isms without necessarily coopting their labels.},
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This article explores the ways cosmopolitanism, federalism and constitutionalism have evolved in Europe from core philosophical concepts to political programmes, and ultimately ‘ideological benchmarks’ with highly contested meanings. I identify three alternative intellectual strategies for their appropriation, and through them the appropriation of ‘Kant’s mantle’, which both reflect and affect the EU public sphere. In the process, I ask how they can serve as resources conceptually to ground a third way for Europe. First, essentialist strategies appeal to affinities with the essence of these traditions, an essence anterior to or distinct from the particular variant of the ‘state writ large’ with which they might be identified in the public and scholarly imagination. Second, composite strategies employ various modifiers to deflect criticism. Thirdly, pollination strategies retain the flavor and questions raised by the three isms without necessarily coopting their labels.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Braving the Waves? Europe’s Constitutional Settlement at 20 Journal Article
In: JCMS , vol. 56, no. 7, pp. 1614–1630, 2018.
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year = {2018},
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This article reflects on the diagnosis proposed in 1998 by Moravcsik and Nicolaidis that the EU had reached an incipient constitutional settlement and makes two connected arguments. First, analytically, that contrary to the prevailing view, the EU's constitutional settlement is holding, although it has come under assault from federalists and sovereignists alike. The bicycle theory nevertheless continues to hold sway perhaps because paradigm shifts always exhibit significant lags. Second, normatively, to defend ‘the equilibrium’ does not amount to a defense of the status quo. On the contrary, and especially in the context of the eurozone crisis, we must reflect on the social foundations of the European project, of which intermittent democratic discontent is only one expression. The argument unfolds through four European cities, each regarding a different moment in the Constitutional saga of the last two decades, to conclude on the relationship between LI and demoicratic theory, as well as the promise of sustainable integration.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
The EU’s Constitutional Moment: A View from the Ground Up Book Chapter
In: Barber, Nick; Cahill, Maria; Ekins, Richard (Ed.): The Rise and Fall of the European Constitution, Hart Publishing, 2018.
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Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
United states? Online
2007.
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Kelemen, Daniel; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Bringing Federalism Back In Book Chapter
In: Jørgensen, Knud; Pollack, Mark; Rosamond, Ben (Ed.): Handbook of European Union Politics, Chapter 15, pp. 301-316, London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2007.
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title = {Bringing Federalism Back In},
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booktitle = {Handbook of European Union Politics},
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abstract = {In the past decade, comparative federalism has moved from the periphery of scholarship on the European Union to the mainstream. While pioneering scholars (see for instance Friedrich 1969; Forsyth 1981; Cappelletti et al. 1986; Scharpf 1988; Weiler 1991; Dehousse 1992; Sbragia 1992) have long applied insights from comparative federalism (or confederalism) to describe and explain the dynamics of European integration, the dominant theoretical perspectives on European integration rejected the relevance of federal comparisons. Intergovernmentalists had clear reasons to do so. From the intergovernmentalist perspective, European integration is driven by the same forces that explain the development of other international regimes (Moravcsik 1998), forces which differ in fundamental ways from the forces at work in domestic settings. From this ...},
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In the past decade, comparative federalism has moved from the periphery of scholarship on the European Union to the mainstream. While pioneering scholars (see for instance Friedrich 1969; Forsyth 1981; Cappelletti et al. 1986; Scharpf 1988; Weiler 1991; Dehousse 1992; Sbragia 1992) have long applied insights from comparative federalism (or confederalism) to describe and explain the dynamics of European integration, the dominant theoretical perspectives on European integration rejected the relevance of federal comparisons. Intergovernmentalists had clear reasons to do so. From the intergovernmentalist perspective, European integration is driven by the same forces that explain the development of other international regimes (Moravcsik 1998), forces which differ in fundamental ways from the forces at work in domestic settings. From this ...
Bunse, Simone; Magnette, Paul; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Big versus Small: Shared Leadership in the EU and Power Politics in the Convention Book Chapter
In: Beach, Derek; Mazzucelli, Colette (Ed.): Leadership in the Big Bangs of European Integration, Chapter 8, pp. 134-157, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2006, ISBN: 978-0-230-59964-2.
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abstract = {The European Union (EU) is a strange mix. A political construct conceived as a guard against the temptation of hegemony by any member state against any other(s), it relies most fundamentally on the ideal of shared leadership. In the EU, therefore, the principle of equality between states is not mainly grounded in the sovereignty norm as in classic intergovernmental organizations, but rather in the attempt to constrain power. At the same time, however, the EU obeys a stringent reality principle, whereby institutions and decisionmaking procedures must reflect power realities in order to be effective and credible. It would thus be hard to argue that the EU has transcended power politics: the taming of power is the best it can do. Thus, behind the ‘big versus small problem’, the conflicting views over institutional design between more and less populated member states, lies an age-old dilemma faced by all political communities, especially federal constructs (Magnette and Nicolaïdis 2004a).},
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The European Union (EU) is a strange mix. A political construct conceived as a guard against the temptation of hegemony by any member state against any other(s), it relies most fundamentally on the ideal of shared leadership. In the EU, therefore, the principle of equality between states is not mainly grounded in the sovereignty norm as in classic intergovernmental organizations, but rather in the attempt to constrain power. At the same time, however, the EU obeys a stringent reality principle, whereby institutions and decisionmaking procedures must reflect power realities in order to be effective and credible. It would thus be hard to argue that the EU has transcended power politics: the taming of power is the best it can do. Thus, behind the ‘big versus small problem’, the conflicting views over institutional design between more and less populated member states, lies an age-old dilemma faced by all political communities, especially federal constructs (Magnette and Nicolaïdis 2004a).
Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Constitutionalizing the Federal Vision? Book Chapter
In: Menon, Anand; Schain, Martin (Ed.): Comparative Federalism, Chapter 4, pp. 59-92, OUP, 2006, ISBN: 9780199291106.
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Mediterranean and Southeastern Europe
Enoch, Charles; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
The art of triangulation: Will Greece’s debt crisis finally come to an end? Online
Programme on the Political Economy of Financial Market and SEESOX, University of Oxford 2017.
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Akkoyunlu, Karabekir; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso; Öktem, Kerem
The Western Condition: Turkey, the US and the EU in the New Middle East Online
2013.
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isbn = {978-0-9562098-6-3},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-00},
journal = {South East European Studies at Oxford (SEESOX)},
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Bastian, Jens; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Hercules vs Sisyphus: The path to democratically sustainable reform in Greece Online
Anastasakis, Othon; Singh, Dorian (Ed.): South East European Studies at Oxford (SEESOX) 2012.
@online{Bastian2012,
title = {Hercules vs Sisyphus: The path to democratically sustainable reform in Greece},
author = {Jens Bastian and Kalypso Nicolaïdis},
editor = {Othon Anastasakis and Dorian Singh},
url = {https://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/reforming_greece_0.pdf},
isbn = {978-0-9562098-6-3},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-03-00},
pages = {76-81},
organization = {South East European Studies at Oxford (SEESOX)},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Epilogue Book Chapter
In: Oktem, Kerem; Kadioglu, Ayse; Karli, Mehmet (Ed.): Another Empire? A Decade of Turkey’s Foreign Policy Under the Justice and Development Party, Bilgi University Press, Istanbul, 2012, ISBN: 978-6053992363.
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Bechev, Dimitar; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
From Policy to Polity: Can the EU’s special relations with its Neighbourhood be Decentred? Journal Article
In: Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 475-500, 2010.
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title = {From Policy to Polity: Can the EU’s special relations with its Neighbourhood be Decentred?},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Why the European Union strengthens Turkish secularism Online
Open Democracy 2010.
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author = {Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
url = {https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/the-european-union-and-turkey-strengthening-secularism/},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-00-00},
organization = {Open Democracy},
abstract = {The question of whether European Union officialdom has taken sides in the ongoing clash between "secularists" and "Islamists" in Turkey is of profound current concern. Many in the first camp seem to believe so, citing as evidence the way that one EU representative after another dismissed the grounds of the indictment denouncing Turkey's ruling Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi (Justice & Development Party / AKP) as the "focal point for anti-secular activities." Europe seems to have become, according to some of these secularists, the great co-conspirator in Turkey against secularism - the very European value the founders of the Republic sought so passionately to affirm. },
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The question of whether European Union officialdom has taken sides in the ongoing clash between "secularists" and "Islamists" in Turkey is of profound current concern. Many in the first camp seem to believe so, citing as evidence the way that one EU representative after another dismissed the grounds of the indictment denouncing Turkey's ruling Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi (Justice & Development Party / AKP) as the "focal point for anti-secular activities." Europe seems to have become, according to some of these secularists, the great co-conspirator in Turkey against secularism - the very European value the founders of the Republic sought so passionately to affirm.
Bechev, Dimitar; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Mediterranean Frontiers: Borders, Conflict and Memory in a Transnational World Book
1 edition, I B Tauris & Co Ltd, 2009, ISBN: 9780857714671.
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abstract = {The identity of any nation-state is inextricably linked with its borders and frontiers. Borders connect nations and sustain notions of social cohesion. Yet they are also the sites of division, fragmentation and political conflict. This ambitious study encompasses North Africa, the Middle East, and South and South East Europe to examine the emergence of state borders and polarised identities in the Mediterranean. The authors look at the impact of political boundaries upon the region, along with pressures from European and economic integration, the resurgence of nationalism, and refugee and security concerns. The authors explore the politics of memory, and ask whether echoes from the imperial past - Ottoman and colonial - could provide the basis for conflict resolution, region-building and economic integration.},
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The identity of any nation-state is inextricably linked with its borders and frontiers. Borders connect nations and sustain notions of social cohesion. Yet they are also the sites of division, fragmentation and political conflict. This ambitious study encompasses North Africa, the Middle East, and South and South East Europe to examine the emergence of state borders and polarised identities in the Mediterranean. The authors look at the impact of political boundaries upon the region, along with pressures from European and economic integration, the resurgence of nationalism, and refugee and security concerns. The authors explore the politics of memory, and ask whether echoes from the imperial past - Ottoman and colonial - could provide the basis for conflict resolution, region-building and economic integration.
Anastasakis, Othon; Öktem, Kerem; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Introduction: The long shadow of Europe Book Chapter
In: Anastasakis, Othon; Öktem, Kerem; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso (Ed.): In the Long Shadow of Europe: Greeks and Turks in the Era of Postnationalism, Republic of Letters, 2009, ISBN: 978-9004171121.
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Bechev, Dimitar; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
The Union for the Mediterranean: A Genuine Breakthrough or More of the Same? Journal Article
In: The International Spectator, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 13-20, 2008.
@article{Bechev2008,
title = {The Union for the Mediterranean: A Genuine Breakthrough or More of the Same?},
author = {Dimitar Bechev and Kalypso Nicolaïdis},
url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232880888_The_Union_for_the_Mediterranean_A_Genuine_Breakthrough_or_More_of_the_Same},
doi = {10.1080/03932720802280578},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-00-00},
journal = {The International Spectator},
volume = {43},
number = {3},
pages = {13-20},
abstract = {The new French scheme for a Union for the Mediterranean (UfM), officially inaugurated on 13 July, has stirred up a great deal of controversy inside the EU. Even in its watered-down form, the initiative promises to relaunch the stalled relations between the two sides of the Mediterranean in the context of the Barcelona Process. Though vulnerable to all manner of external shocks linked to the multiple inter- and intra-state conflicts around the Mediterranean, the Sarkozy plan is a welcome move to a greater degree of “co-ownership” through the institution of a joint presidency. Of great importance in the interest of overcoming at least some of the problems that have bedeviled the Barcelona Process is further “decentring” of Euro-Med politics away from Brussels and more comprehensive trade opening by the EU.},
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The new French scheme for a Union for the Mediterranean (UfM), officially inaugurated on 13 July, has stirred up a great deal of controversy inside the EU. Even in its watered-down form, the initiative promises to relaunch the stalled relations between the two sides of the Mediterranean in the context of the Barcelona Process. Though vulnerable to all manner of external shocks linked to the multiple inter- and intra-state conflicts around the Mediterranean, the Sarkozy plan is a welcome move to a greater degree of “co-ownership” through the institution of a joint presidency. Of great importance in the interest of overcoming at least some of the problems that have bedeviled the Barcelona Process is further “decentring” of Euro-Med politics away from Brussels and more comprehensive trade opening by the EU.
Bechev, Dimitar; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Integration Without Accession: The EU’s Special Relationship with the Countries in its Neighbourhood Online
European Parliament's Committee on Constitutional affairs 2007.
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year = {2007},
date = {2007-12-00},
organization = {European Parliament's Committee on Constitutional affairs},
abstract = {This study was inspired by the former Article I-57 of the Treaty establishing a constitution for Europe but is equally pertinent for the provisions on a European neighbourhood policy of the Treaty of Lisbon signed on December 13, 2007 (new Article 7a TUE). The report explores the institutional and policy choices concerning the European Union’s relations with the surrounding countries and regions in its neighbourhood. It surveys the current state of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) and, in particular, the perceptions of the partner countries of how the EU contends with a series of political dilemmas. Different models for organising relations with neighbouring countries - pre-accession, the European Economic Area (EEA) and association - are analysed.},
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This study was inspired by the former Article I-57 of the Treaty establishing a constitution for Europe but is equally pertinent for the provisions on a European neighbourhood policy of the Treaty of Lisbon signed on December 13, 2007 (new Article 7a TUE). The report explores the institutional and policy choices concerning the European Union’s relations with the surrounding countries and regions in its neighbourhood. It surveys the current state of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) and, in particular, the perceptions of the partner countries of how the EU contends with a series of political dilemmas. Different models for organising relations with neighbouring countries - pre-accession, the European Economic Area (EEA) and association - are analysed.
Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Exploring Second-Best Solutions in Cyprus Journal Article
In: Survival, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 30-34, 2007.
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Nicolaïdis, Dimitri; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Europe in the Mirror of the Mediterranean Book Chapter
In: Fabre, Thierry; Cassia, Paul Sant (Ed.): Between Europe and the Mediterranean: The Challenges and the Fears, pp. 162-194, Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007, ISBN: 978-0-230-28733-4.
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Historians, anthropologists, political scientists and demographers explore the principal challenges and fears characterizing relations between Europe and the Mediterranean. The contributors suggest that the greatest challenge facing our political generation is no longer forming a Europe without the Mediterranean, but with it.
Anastasakis, Othon; Bertrand, Gilles; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Getting to Yes: Suggestions for Embellishment of the Annan Plan for Cyprus Online
South East European Studies Programme, European Studies Centre, St Antony’s College, Oxford 2004.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Turkey is European… for Europe’s sake Online
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Netherlands 2004.
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title = {Turkey is European… for Europe’s sake},
author = {Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
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year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-00},
booktitle = {Turkey and the European Union: From Association to Accession?},
organization = {Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Netherlands},
keywords = {},
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Fabre, Thierry; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
L’Union Européenne, puissance post-coloniale en Méditerranée? Journal Article
In: Colonialism et postcolonialism en Méditerranée, 2004.
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title = {L’Union Européenne, puissance post-coloniale en Méditerranée?},
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url = {http://kalypsonicolaidis.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/NicolaidisPostcolonialism04.pdf},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-00-00},
journal = {Colonialism et postcolonialism en Méditerranée},
publisher = {Marseille: éditions Parenthèses},
abstract = {Comment penser une Europe qui pèse vraiment dans les affaires du monde, et de l’espace méditerranéen en particulier? On ne cesse de le répéter : à l’aune de la puissance américaine, l’Union Européenne ne fera pas le poids militairement pendant certainement des décennies. Et de toutes façon, son ambition ne peut être de s’opposer ou de se comparer aux Etats-Unis, ni même de se présenter comme puissance alternative, alors qu’au Sud personne ne regrette le temps de la « mission civilisatrice de l’homme blanc », version archéo. Reste qu’entre les deux écueils, celui d’un hégémonisme américain s’exprimant au travers d’une politique de domination unilatérale, et celui d’une gestion conjointe du monde servant les intérêts propres des deux puissances, l’Europe peut choisir une troisième voie, celle d’être non une puissance mais un modèle alternatif, non pas systématiquement contre ou avec mais à côté des Etats-Unis. Un tel projet s'articulerait autour de quelques principes clés: le principe de cohérence d’une part, entre l’être et le faire, politiques internes et ambitions externes, le principe de réciprocité d’autre part, qui suppose de renverser le regard sur en regard de l’autre, non plus de l’Occident vers l’Orient, mais du Sud vers le Nord. Enfin, il s’agit de donner un contenu fort à la notion d’une Europe réellement et profondément post-coloniale, une Europe qui serait à même de tourner pour de bond la page mal écrite du « clash des civilisations », grille de lecture commode mais si dévastatrice du monde contemporain.},
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Comment penser une Europe qui pèse vraiment dans les affaires du monde, et de l’espace méditerranéen en particulier? On ne cesse de le répéter : à l’aune de la puissance américaine, l’Union Européenne ne fera pas le poids militairement pendant certainement des décennies. Et de toutes façon, son ambition ne peut être de s’opposer ou de se comparer aux Etats-Unis, ni même de se présenter comme puissance alternative, alors qu’au Sud personne ne regrette le temps de la « mission civilisatrice de l’homme blanc », version archéo. Reste qu’entre les deux écueils, celui d’un hégémonisme américain s’exprimant au travers d’une politique de domination unilatérale, et celui d’une gestion conjointe du monde servant les intérêts propres des deux puissances, l’Europe peut choisir une troisième voie, celle d’être non une puissance mais un modèle alternatif, non pas systématiquement contre ou avec mais à côté des Etats-Unis. Un tel projet s'articulerait autour de quelques principes clés: le principe de cohérence d’une part, entre l’être et le faire, politiques internes et ambitions externes, le principe de réciprocité d’autre part, qui suppose de renverser le regard sur en regard de l’autre, non plus de l’Occident vers l’Orient, mais du Sud vers le Nord. Enfin, il s’agit de donner un contenu fort à la notion d’une Europe réellement et profondément post-coloniale, une Europe qui serait à même de tourner pour de bond la page mal écrite du « clash des civilisations », grille de lecture commode mais si dévastatrice du monde contemporain.
Nicolaïdis, Kalypso; Nicolaïdis, Dimitri
The EuroMed beyond Civilisational Paradigms Book Chapter
In: Adler, Emanuel; Bicchi, Federica; Crawford, Beverly; Sarto, Raffaella A. Del (Ed.): The Convergence of Civilizations? Constructing a Mediterranean Region, pp. 337-378, Palgrave-Macmillan, 2004, ISBN: 978-1-4426-2112-1.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
La Turquie dans l'Union, en miroir de l'Europe Journal Article
In: Mouvements, vol. 1, no. 31, pp. 128-132, 2004.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Dire Oui au Nom de l’Europe (Saying Yes in the Name of Europe) Online
Radikal 2003.
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title = {Dire Oui au Nom de l’Europe (Saying Yes in the Name of Europe) },
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year = {2003},
date = {2003-05-13},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Europe’s Tainted Mirror: Reflections on Turkey’s Candidacy Status After Helsinki Book Chapter
In: Keridis, Dimitris; Triantafyllou, Dimitris (Ed.): Greek-Turkish Relations in the Era of Globalization, pp. 245-277, Brassey's, 2001.
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Allison, Graham; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
The Greek Paradox: Promise vs Performance Book
Cambridge: MIT Press, 1997, ISBN: 9780262510929.
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abstract = {As a bridge between the East and West, a pole of stability in the Balkans, and a Mediterranean crossroads, Greece could play a significant role in the post-Cold War world. But Greece's performance in domestic and international policy falls short of this promise. The essays in The Greek Paradox look at some of the reasons for this gap and suggest possible political and economic reforms.The contributors, both scholars and policymakers, examine a range of contemporary issues in the Balkans and on NATO's southern flank. The essays shed light on nation building, political and economic development, modernization, and post-Cold War international relations.},
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As a bridge between the East and West, a pole of stability in the Balkans, and a Mediterranean crossroads, Greece could play a significant role in the post-Cold War world. But Greece's performance in domestic and international policy falls short of this promise. The essays in The Greek Paradox look at some of the reasons for this gap and suggest possible political and economic reforms.The contributors, both scholars and policymakers, examine a range of contemporary issues in the Balkans and on NATO's southern flank. The essays shed light on nation building, political and economic development, modernization, and post-Cold War international relations.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Greeks and the ‘Macedonian Question’: Lessons for a Better Future Book Chapter
In: Psaltzgraff, Robert; Keridis, Dimitri (Ed.): Security in Southeastern Europe and the US-Greek Relations, pp. 73-87, NY: Brassey’s, 1997.
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The Post-Colonial, Standards of Civilisation and Decentering IR
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Onar, Nora Fisher
The Decentering Agenda: Europe as A Post-Colonial Power Book Chapter
In: Gstöhl, Sieglinde; Schunz, Simon (Ed.): Studying the European Union’s External Action: Concepts, Approaches, Theories, Macmillian Academic, 2021.
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Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Bringing Europe Back In: Global IR, Area Studies and the Decentring Agenda (as part of: Does International Relations Need Area Studies?) Journal Article
In: St Antony's International Review (STAIR), vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 197-206, 2020.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Onar, Nora Fisher
The decentering agenda: A post-colonial approach to EU external action Book Chapter
In: Gstöhl, Sieglinde; Schunz, Simon (Ed.): Studying the European Union’s External Action: Concepts, Approaches, Theories, Chapter 15, Macmillian Academic, 2020.
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abstract = {Mainstream studies of European Union (EU) external action are typically Eurocentric, neglecting the perspectives of many to whom such action is directed. This chapter explores the challenges of ‘decentring’ EU external action by importing insights from post-colonial studies into what we call ‘Global EU External Action Studies’. We suggest that when it comes to the EU, the ‘post’ in post-colonialism can refer to two distinct meanings. Analytically, ‘post’-colonial practices refer to the reproduction of hierarchical logics. Normatively, ‘post’-colonialism refers to the desirable transcendence of these logics. We propose a three-step approach to decentring as strategy towards a post-colonial Europe in the second sense: ‘provincializing’ the EU’s experience, ‘engaging’ others’ views, and ‘reconstructing’ EU external action. We then turn to sites where the EU’s external relations have been characteristically Eurocentric, namely Turkey and the Middle East and North Africa. We conclude by identifying possible pathways to reconstructing relations in a ‘multilogical’ fashion.},
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Mainstream studies of European Union (EU) external action are typically Eurocentric, neglecting the perspectives of many to whom such action is directed. This chapter explores the challenges of ‘decentring’ EU external action by importing insights from post-colonial studies into what we call ‘Global EU External Action Studies’. We suggest that when it comes to the EU, the ‘post’ in post-colonialism can refer to two distinct meanings. Analytically, ‘post’-colonial practices refer to the reproduction of hierarchical logics. Normatively, ‘post’-colonialism refers to the desirable transcendence of these logics. We propose a three-step approach to decentring as strategy towards a post-colonial Europe in the second sense: ‘provincializing’ the EU’s experience, ‘engaging’ others’ views, and ‘reconstructing’ EU external action. We then turn to sites where the EU’s external relations have been characteristically Eurocentric, namely Turkey and the Middle East and North Africa. We conclude by identifying possible pathways to reconstructing relations in a ‘multilogical’ fashion.
Lenz, Tobias; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
EU-topia? A critique of the European Union as a model Journal Article
In: Culture, Practice & Europeanization, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 78-101, 2019.
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abstract = {The paper critically appraises the idea, both descriptively and normatively, that the Euro- pean Union (EU) system can and should serve as a model for governance beyond its own borders. Engaging the postcolonial literature, it proposes a critical analysis of the idea, dis- course and practice of Europe-as-a-model. We argue for a problematization of the label “model” without denying the value added by EU governance for the rest of the world. We start by developing an analytical heuristic that builds on three semantic meanings of the term model and outline the challenges of interpretation and translation that are associ- ated with each. We then discuss these challenges along the Hegelian three-step of the model idea (thesis), its postcolonial antithesis and our constructive critique that seeks to steer a middle ground. We advocate greater reflexivity on the part of Europeans, that is, to systematically question assumptions behind their discourse and practice. If the cosmo- politan promise is to be retrieved from the radical critique of Eurocentricism, Europeans need to infuse the EU’s message and practice with an ethos of mutual recognition as a crucial feature of a post-colonial agenda for the EU’s role in the world.},
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The paper critically appraises the idea, both descriptively and normatively, that the Euro- pean Union (EU) system can and should serve as a model for governance beyond its own borders. Engaging the postcolonial literature, it proposes a critical analysis of the idea, dis- course and practice of Europe-as-a-model. We argue for a problematization of the label “model” without denying the value added by EU governance for the rest of the world. We start by developing an analytical heuristic that builds on three semantic meanings of the term model and outline the challenges of interpretation and translation that are associ- ated with each. We then discuss these challenges along the Hegelian three-step of the model idea (thesis), its postcolonial antithesis and our constructive critique that seeks to steer a middle ground. We advocate greater reflexivity on the part of Europeans, that is, to systematically question assumptions behind their discourse and practice. If the cosmo- politan promise is to be retrieved from the radical critique of Eurocentricism, Europeans need to infuse the EU’s message and practice with an ethos of mutual recognition as a crucial feature of a post-colonial agenda for the EU’s role in the world.
Sussman, Sam; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
R2P: State of Play Journal Article
In: The International Spectator, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 9-18, 2016.
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year = {2016},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
The EU Global Strategy Online
European Union Institute for Strategic Studies 2016.
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year = {2016},
date = {2016-00-00},
booktitle = {The EU Global Strategy: 40 Expert Opinions},
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Onar, Nora Fisher; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Europe’s Post-Imperial Condition Book Chapter
In: Behr, Hartmut; Stivachtis, Ioannis (Ed.): Revisiting the European Union as an Empire, Routledge, 2015, ISBN: 9781315745411.
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abstract = {The European Union's stalled expansion, the Euro deficit and emerging crises of economic and political sovereignty in Greece, Italy and Spain have significantly altered the image of the EU as a model of progressive civilization. However, despite recent events the EU maintains its international image as the paragon of European politics and global governance.},
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The European Union's stalled expansion, the Euro deficit and emerging crises of economic and political sovereignty in Greece, Italy and Spain have significantly altered the image of the EU as a model of progressive civilization. However, despite recent events the EU maintains its international image as the paragon of European politics and global governance.
Sebe, Berny; Maas, Gabi; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Echoes of Empire: Memory, Identity and Colonial Legacies Book
1 edition, I.B. Tauris, 2014, ISBN: 9781784530501.
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abstract = {How does our colonial past echo through today's global politics? How have former empire-builders sought vindication or atonement, and formerly colonized states reversal or retribution? This groundbreaking book presents a panoramic view of attitudes to empires past and present, seen not only through the hard politics of international power structures but also through the nuances of memory, historiography and national and minority cultural identities. Bringing together leading historians, poitical scientists and international relations scholars from across the globe, Echoes of Empire emphasizes Europe's colonial legacy whilst also highlighting the importance of non-European power centres- Ottoman, Russian, Chinese, Japanese- in shaping world politics, then and now. Echoes of Empire bridges the divide between disciplines to trace the global routes travelled by objects, ideas and people and forms a radically different notion of the term 'empire' itself. This will be an essential companion to courses on international relations and imperial history as well as a fascinating read for anyone interested in Wesern hegemony, North-South relations, global power shifts and the longue duree.},
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How does our colonial past echo through today's global politics? How have former empire-builders sought vindication or atonement, and formerly colonized states reversal or retribution? This groundbreaking book presents a panoramic view of attitudes to empires past and present, seen not only through the hard politics of international power structures but also through the nuances of memory, historiography and national and minority cultural identities. Bringing together leading historians, poitical scientists and international relations scholars from across the globe, Echoes of Empire emphasizes Europe's colonial legacy whilst also highlighting the importance of non-European power centres- Ottoman, Russian, Chinese, Japanese- in shaping world politics, then and now. Echoes of Empire bridges the divide between disciplines to trace the global routes travelled by objects, ideas and people and forms a radically different notion of the term 'empire' itself. This will be an essential companion to courses on international relations and imperial history as well as a fascinating read for anyone interested in Wesern hegemony, North-South relations, global power shifts and the longue duree.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Southern Barbarians? A post-colonial critic of EUniversalism Book Chapter
In: Sebe, Berny; Maas, Gabi; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso (Ed.): Echoes of Empire: Memory, Identity and Colonial Legacies, I.B. Tauris, 2014, ISBN: 9781784530501.
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Nicolaïdis, Kalypso; Vergerio, Claire; Onar, Nora Fisher; Viehoff, Juri
From Metropolis to Microcosmos: The EU’s New Standards of Civilisation Journal Article
In: Millennium, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 718–745, 2014.
@article{Nicolaïdis2014f,
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doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829814541320},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-08-05},
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abstract = {While some denounce the legacies of colonialism they discern in the EU’s practices and discourse, others believe these accusations to be unfounded, raising the question: how apt is the analogy between the 19th-century standard of civilisation and the EU’s narratives and modes of actions today? In this essay, we address the question by developing a ‘new standards typology’ articulated around two axes: agency denial and hierarchy. These refer respectively to the unilateral shaping of standards applicable to others, and to the salience of Eurocentricism in the way the standards are enforced and structure the international system. Ultimately, we argue that in transforming their ‘continent’ from a metropolis to a microcosmos – from a cluster of colonial capitals to an EU that contains many of the world’s tensions within itself – Europeans have only partially succeeded in transcending their colonial impulses. We conclude by suggesting that the EU’s relevance is grounded in its ability to become a post-colonial power, and that to achieve this, those acting in its name need to remember historical legacies and reflect upon the ‘standards’ that inspire their action.},
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While some denounce the legacies of colonialism they discern in the EU’s practices and discourse, others believe these accusations to be unfounded, raising the question: how apt is the analogy between the 19th-century standard of civilisation and the EU’s narratives and modes of actions today? In this essay, we address the question by developing a ‘new standards typology’ articulated around two axes: agency denial and hierarchy. These refer respectively to the unilateral shaping of standards applicable to others, and to the salience of Eurocentricism in the way the standards are enforced and structure the international system. Ultimately, we argue that in transforming their ‘continent’ from a metropolis to a microcosmos – from a cluster of colonial capitals to an EU that contains many of the world’s tensions within itself – Europeans have only partially succeeded in transcending their colonial impulses. We conclude by suggesting that the EU’s relevance is grounded in its ability to become a post-colonial power, and that to achieve this, those acting in its name need to remember historical legacies and reflect upon the ‘standards’ that inspire their action.
Macaj, Gjovalin; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Beyond ‘one voice’? Global Europe's engagement with its own diversity Journal Article
In: Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 1067-1083, 2014.
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doi = {10.1080/13501763.2014.912148},
year = {2014},
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abstract = {This contribution stands as a conclusion to this collection, drawing on its empirical contributions as well as other examples of European Union (EU) foreign policy. We take the pursuit of a single voice as a core goal of EU foreign policy and ask under what conditions unity pays and conversely under what con- ditions it may be counterproductive. On this basis, we offer a systematic critique of the ‘one voice mantra’ correlating ‘EU unity’ and ‘EU influence’ in the global arena. We do so by distinguishing between, internally, the degree of convergence of interest between member states and, externally, the type of power relevant in the game being played. Only when interests converge and the external game is one where aggregative power matters is it plausible to assume that the pursuit of one EU voice serves the EU’s interests. At least in some cases, EU unity is not a pre- requisite for EU influence, and diversity can be a source of strength rather than weak- ness, internally as well.},
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This contribution stands as a conclusion to this collection, drawing on its empirical contributions as well as other examples of European Union (EU) foreign policy. We take the pursuit of a single voice as a core goal of EU foreign policy and ask under what conditions unity pays and conversely under what con- ditions it may be counterproductive. On this basis, we offer a systematic critique of the ‘one voice mantra’ correlating ‘EU unity’ and ‘EU influence’ in the global arena. We do so by distinguishing between, internally, the degree of convergence of interest between member states and, externally, the type of power relevant in the game being played. Only when interests converge and the external game is one where aggregative power matters is it plausible to assume that the pursuit of one EU voice serves the EU’s interests. At least in some cases, EU unity is not a pre- requisite for EU influence, and diversity can be a source of strength rather than weak- ness, internally as well.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Onar, Nora Fisher
The Decentring Agenda: Europe as a post-colonial power Journal Article
In: Cooperation and Conflict, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 283–303, 2013.
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title = {The Decentring Agenda: Europe as a post-colonial power},
author = {Kalypso Nicolaidïs and Nora Fisher Onar},
url = {https://kalypsonicolaidis.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/The_Decentering_Agenda_Europe_as_a_Post.pdf},
doi = {10.1177/0010836713485384},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-06-00},
journal = {Cooperation and Conflict},
volume = {48},
number = {2},
pages = {283–303},
abstract = {The aim in this contribution is to amplify the call, articulated across a range of disciplines relevant to international politics, for a paradigm shift that decentres the study and practice of Europe’s international relations. Such a perspective is necessary both to make sense of our multipolar order and to reconstitute European agency in a non-European world. The analytical categories proposed in this article for a decentring agenda – provincialization, engagement and reconstruction(s) – can help to navigate the nexus of the empirical and the normative in such a decentring process. Applying the decentring logic to the EU’s own foundational narrative, the authors suggest that, only by acknowledging the inflections of colonialism in the EU project itself, can the Union reinvent its normative power in the 21st century.},
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The aim in this contribution is to amplify the call, articulated across a range of disciplines relevant to international politics, for a paradigm shift that decentres the study and practice of Europe’s international relations. Such a perspective is necessary both to make sense of our multipolar order and to reconstitute European agency in a non-European world. The analytical categories proposed in this article for a decentring agenda – provincialization, engagement and reconstruction(s) – can help to navigate the nexus of the empirical and the normative in such a decentring process. Applying the decentring logic to the EU’s own foundational narrative, the authors suggest that, only by acknowledging the inflections of colonialism in the EU project itself, can the Union reinvent its normative power in the 21st century.
Akkoyunlu, Karabekir; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso; Öktem, Kerem
The Western Condition: Turkey, the US and the EU in the New Middle East Online
2013.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Whitman, Richard
Normative Power Europe Revisited Journal Article
In: Cooperation and Conflict, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 167-170, 2013.
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Bechev, Dimitar; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
From Policy to Polity: Can the EU’s special relations with its Neighbourhood be Decentred? Journal Article
In: Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 475-500, 2010.
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Bechev, Dimitar; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Mediterranean Frontiers: Borders, Conflict and Memory in a Transnational World Book
1 edition, I B Tauris & Co Ltd, 2009, ISBN: 9780857714671.
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abstract = {The identity of any nation-state is inextricably linked with its borders and frontiers. Borders connect nations and sustain notions of social cohesion. Yet they are also the sites of division, fragmentation and political conflict. This ambitious study encompasses North Africa, the Middle East, and South and South East Europe to examine the emergence of state borders and polarised identities in the Mediterranean. The authors look at the impact of political boundaries upon the region, along with pressures from European and economic integration, the resurgence of nationalism, and refugee and security concerns. The authors explore the politics of memory, and ask whether echoes from the imperial past - Ottoman and colonial - could provide the basis for conflict resolution, region-building and economic integration.},
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The identity of any nation-state is inextricably linked with its borders and frontiers. Borders connect nations and sustain notions of social cohesion. Yet they are also the sites of division, fragmentation and political conflict. This ambitious study encompasses North Africa, the Middle East, and South and South East Europe to examine the emergence of state borders and polarised identities in the Mediterranean. The authors look at the impact of political boundaries upon the region, along with pressures from European and economic integration, the resurgence of nationalism, and refugee and security concerns. The authors explore the politics of memory, and ask whether echoes from the imperial past - Ottoman and colonial - could provide the basis for conflict resolution, region-building and economic integration.
Betts, Alexander; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
The Trade-Migration Linkage: GATS Mode IV Book Chapter
In: Eagleton-Pierce, Matthew; Jones, Emily; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso (Ed.): Building Blocks Towards a Global Trade Ethics, pp. 65-75, 2009.
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Howse, Robert; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Towards a Global Trade Ethics: Preliminary Building Blocks Book Chapter
In: Eagleton-Pierce, Matthew; Jones, Emily; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso (Ed.): pp. 6-15, Oxford GTE Programme, 2009.
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Kleinfeld, Rachel; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Can a Post-Colonial Power Export the Rule of Law? Element of a General Framework Book Chapter
In: Palombella, Gianluigi; Walker, Neil (Ed.): Relocating the Rule of Law, Chapter 7, pp. 139–170, Hart Publishing, 2009, ISBN: 978-1-4725-6463-4.
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abstract = {The European dilemma in exporting the rule of law starts with the two faces of universalism: ‘our system is better than yours and should prevail’ and ‘you deserve what we have’. Is exporting the rule of law a by-product of conquest and domination or of transnational responsibility and cosmopolitan solidarity? What would it take for the EU to act as a genuine ‘post-colonial’ power in this realm, self-reflexive about the echoes of its colonial past and legitimate in the eyes of other countries? Be it as invaders, colonisers or traders, great powers have long viewed bringing their laws or even ‘The Law’ to other peoples as a mark of greatness. There was no higher honour Rome could bestow than bringing citizens from the edges of the Empire under the civilising shadow of Roman laws—which in turn became one of Rome’s enduring legacies to Europe. In the nineteenth century, the great European colonial powers exported their laws as ‘standards of civilisation’ to much of the world, whether directly colonised or the object of asymmetric treaties.},
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The European dilemma in exporting the rule of law starts with the two faces of universalism: ‘our system is better than yours and should prevail’ and ‘you deserve what we have’. Is exporting the rule of law a by-product of conquest and domination or of transnational responsibility and cosmopolitan solidarity? What would it take for the EU to act as a genuine ‘post-colonial’ power in this realm, self-reflexive about the echoes of its colonial past and legitimate in the eyes of other countries? Be it as invaders, colonisers or traders, great powers have long viewed bringing their laws or even ‘The Law’ to other peoples as a mark of greatness. There was no higher honour Rome could bestow than bringing citizens from the edges of the Empire under the civilising shadow of Roman laws—which in turn became one of Rome’s enduring legacies to Europe. In the nineteenth century, the great European colonial powers exported their laws as ‘standards of civilisation’ to much of the world, whether directly colonised or the object of asymmetric treaties.
Fabre, Thierry; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
L’Union Européenne, puissance post-coloniale en Méditerranée? Journal Article
In: Colonialism et postcolonialism en Méditerranée, 2004.
@article{Fabre2004,
title = {L’Union Européenne, puissance post-coloniale en Méditerranée?},
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date = {2004-00-00},
journal = {Colonialism et postcolonialism en Méditerranée},
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abstract = {Comment penser une Europe qui pèse vraiment dans les affaires du monde, et de l’espace méditerranéen en particulier? On ne cesse de le répéter : à l’aune de la puissance américaine, l’Union Européenne ne fera pas le poids militairement pendant certainement des décennies. Et de toutes façon, son ambition ne peut être de s’opposer ou de se comparer aux Etats-Unis, ni même de se présenter comme puissance alternative, alors qu’au Sud personne ne regrette le temps de la « mission civilisatrice de l’homme blanc », version archéo. Reste qu’entre les deux écueils, celui d’un hégémonisme américain s’exprimant au travers d’une politique de domination unilatérale, et celui d’une gestion conjointe du monde servant les intérêts propres des deux puissances, l’Europe peut choisir une troisième voie, celle d’être non une puissance mais un modèle alternatif, non pas systématiquement contre ou avec mais à côté des Etats-Unis. Un tel projet s'articulerait autour de quelques principes clés: le principe de cohérence d’une part, entre l’être et le faire, politiques internes et ambitions externes, le principe de réciprocité d’autre part, qui suppose de renverser le regard sur en regard de l’autre, non plus de l’Occident vers l’Orient, mais du Sud vers le Nord. Enfin, il s’agit de donner un contenu fort à la notion d’une Europe réellement et profondément post-coloniale, une Europe qui serait à même de tourner pour de bond la page mal écrite du « clash des civilisations », grille de lecture commode mais si dévastatrice du monde contemporain.},
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Comment penser une Europe qui pèse vraiment dans les affaires du monde, et de l’espace méditerranéen en particulier? On ne cesse de le répéter : à l’aune de la puissance américaine, l’Union Européenne ne fera pas le poids militairement pendant certainement des décennies. Et de toutes façon, son ambition ne peut être de s’opposer ou de se comparer aux Etats-Unis, ni même de se présenter comme puissance alternative, alors qu’au Sud personne ne regrette le temps de la « mission civilisatrice de l’homme blanc », version archéo. Reste qu’entre les deux écueils, celui d’un hégémonisme américain s’exprimant au travers d’une politique de domination unilatérale, et celui d’une gestion conjointe du monde servant les intérêts propres des deux puissances, l’Europe peut choisir une troisième voie, celle d’être non une puissance mais un modèle alternatif, non pas systématiquement contre ou avec mais à côté des Etats-Unis. Un tel projet s'articulerait autour de quelques principes clés: le principe de cohérence d’une part, entre l’être et le faire, politiques internes et ambitions externes, le principe de réciprocité d’autre part, qui suppose de renverser le regard sur en regard de l’autre, non plus de l’Occident vers l’Orient, mais du Sud vers le Nord. Enfin, il s’agit de donner un contenu fort à la notion d’une Europe réellement et profondément post-coloniale, une Europe qui serait à même de tourner pour de bond la page mal écrite du « clash des civilisations », grille de lecture commode mais si dévastatrice du monde contemporain.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
La Turquie dans l'Union, en miroir de l'Europe Journal Article
In: Mouvements, vol. 1, no. 31, pp. 128-132, 2004.
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Nicolaïdis, Kalypso; Nicolaïdis, Dimitri
The EuroMed beyond Civilisational Paradigms Book Chapter
In: Adler, Emanuel; Bicchi, Federica; Crawford, Beverly; Sarto, Raffaella A. Del (Ed.): The Convergence of Civilizations? Constructing a Mediterranean Region, pp. 337-378, Palgrave-Macmillan, 2004, ISBN: 978-1-4426-2112-1.
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Howse, Robert; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
‘This is my EUtopia…’: Narratives of Power Journal Article
In: Journal Of Common Market Studies, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 767-92, 2002.
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The original comparative mission of JCMS testifies to the propensity of the EU, since its inception, to project its model on to the rest of the world. This article argues that narratives of projection are indeed key to the EU’s global influence and that, in this particular sense, the idea of Europe as a civilian power is more relevant than ever. But such narratives require our engagement with their reflexive nature: what is usually projected is not the EU as is, but an EUtopia. At a time when both the EU and the international trade system are undergoing crises of legitimacy, EU actors can learn a lot from the remedies suggested for the global level by such an EUtopia.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Lacroix, Justine
Order and Justice Beyond the Nation-State: Europe’s Competing Paradigms Book Chapter
In: Foot, Rosemary; Hurrell, Andrew (Ed.): vol. Order and Justice in IR, Oxford University Press, 2002.
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Europe in the World, Transatlantic Relations
Macaj, Gjovalin; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Beyond ‘one voice’? Global Europe's engagement with its own diversity Journal Article
In: Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 1067-1083, 2014.
@article{Macaj2014,
title = {Beyond ‘one voice’? Global Europe's engagement with its own diversity},
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doi = {10.1080/13501763.2014.912148},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-06-16},
journal = {Journal of European Public Policy},
volume = {21},
number = {7},
pages = {1067-1083},
abstract = {This contribution stands as a conclusion to this collection, drawing on its empirical contributions as well as other examples of European Union (EU) foreign policy. We take the pursuit of a single voice as a core goal of EU foreign policy and ask under what conditions unity pays and conversely under what con- ditions it may be counterproductive. On this basis, we offer a systematic critique of the ‘one voice mantra’ correlating ‘EU unity’ and ‘EU influence’ in the global arena. We do so by distinguishing between, internally, the degree of convergence of interest between member states and, externally, the type of power relevant in the game being played. Only when interests converge and the external game is one where aggregative power matters is it plausible to assume that the pursuit of one EU voice serves the EU’s interests. At least in some cases, EU unity is not a pre- requisite for EU influence, and diversity can be a source of strength rather than weak- ness, internally as well.},
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This contribution stands as a conclusion to this collection, drawing on its empirical contributions as well as other examples of European Union (EU) foreign policy. We take the pursuit of a single voice as a core goal of EU foreign policy and ask under what conditions unity pays and conversely under what con- ditions it may be counterproductive. On this basis, we offer a systematic critique of the ‘one voice mantra’ correlating ‘EU unity’ and ‘EU influence’ in the global arena. We do so by distinguishing between, internally, the degree of convergence of interest between member states and, externally, the type of power relevant in the game being played. Only when interests converge and the external game is one where aggregative power matters is it plausible to assume that the pursuit of one EU voice serves the EU’s interests. At least in some cases, EU unity is not a pre- requisite for EU influence, and diversity can be a source of strength rather than weak- ness, internally as well.
Akkoyunlu, Karabekir; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso; Öktem, Kerem
The Western Condition: Turkey, the US and the EU in the New Middle East Online
2013.
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Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
A Compact Between The United States and Europe Online
Brookings Institute 2005.
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Moravcsik, Andrew; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
How to Fix Europe’s Image Problem Journal Article
In: Foreign Policy, 2005.
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The European Union must showcase its democracy-building skills while avoiding moral grandstanding and its own version of unilateralism.
Menon, Anand; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso; Walsh, Jennifer
In Defence of Europe: A Response to Kagan Journal Article
In: Journal of European Affairs, vol. 2, no. 3, 2004.
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year = {2004},
date = {2004-08-00},
journal = {Journal of European Affairs},
volume = {2},
number = {3},
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Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
The Power of the Superpowerless Book Chapter
In: Lindberg, Tod (Ed.): Beyond Paradise and Power: Europe, America, and the Future of a Troubled Partnership, pp. 93-120, Routledge, 2004.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Living with Our Differences Journal Article
In: The Future Transatlantic Relations, 2003.
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editor = {Nikos Kotzias},
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year = {2003},
date = {2003-00-00},
journal = {The Future Transatlantic Relations},
publisher = {Palgrave},
abstract = {It is telling that the war in Iraq has changed the very way the transatlantic question is habitually posed in Europe from 'how to resolve US-EU conflicts?' to 'how should we deal with American power?' Differences that were simply taken as factors in the global and regional orders are now exposed as our central concern: the overwhelming asymmetry of military power between the United States and the European Union (and indeed the rest of the world); and the divisions within the EU as to what to do about it. There is of course a need to patch things up both on the transatlantic and intra-European front—the two are interconnected—and to devise a European global strategy for the new era of American Empire. This is the agenda of the Kastellorizo meeting of EU foreign ministers. My purpose here is to make a simple point: a prerequisite for doing things together is to learn to live with our differences. This is true between the EU and the US where we need to define a constructive and conscious division of labour in tackling some of the most pressing problems before us and creating a more secure and just world. This is also true within the EU where we need to learn to disagree better, and moreover to draw strength from our diversity. Intra-EU diversity in turn can be better exploited to foster transatlantic cooperation. In short, we need to move beyond the universal assumption that pervades for instance our EU constitutional debates that the one and only secret of success and effectiveness on the international scene is to acquire a more unified voice and a more 'common' foreign policy.},
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It is telling that the war in Iraq has changed the very way the transatlantic question is habitually posed in Europe from 'how to resolve US-EU conflicts?' to 'how should we deal with American power?' Differences that were simply taken as factors in the global and regional orders are now exposed as our central concern: the overwhelming asymmetry of military power between the United States and the European Union (and indeed the rest of the world); and the divisions within the EU as to what to do about it. There is of course a need to patch things up both on the transatlantic and intra-European front—the two are interconnected—and to devise a European global strategy for the new era of American Empire. This is the agenda of the Kastellorizo meeting of EU foreign ministers. My purpose here is to make a simple point: a prerequisite for doing things together is to learn to live with our differences. This is true between the EU and the US where we need to define a constructive and conscious division of labour in tackling some of the most pressing problems before us and creating a more secure and just world. This is also true within the EU where we need to learn to disagree better, and moreover to draw strength from our diversity. Intra-EU diversity in turn can be better exploited to foster transatlantic cooperation. In short, we need to move beyond the universal assumption that pervades for instance our EU constitutional debates that the one and only secret of success and effectiveness on the international scene is to acquire a more unified voice and a more 'common' foreign policy.
Egan, Michelle; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Transnational market governance and regional policy externality: why recognize foreign standards? Journal Article
In: Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 454–473, 2001, ISSN: 1350–1763.
@article{Egan2001,
title = {Transnational market governance and regional policy externality: why recognize foreign standards?},
author = {Michelle Egan and Kalypso Nicolaïdis},
url = {https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/3458898/jepp8_3.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DTransnational_Market_Governance_and_Regi.pdf&Expires=1592589991&Signature=SbYKgjP-g0Ud99wnRyOHzLRuSd0CPgJNnall8wWHgF1cmNuerR8yGCeHXqf0A-wqyx-qAKo~Es9jTeLKi0HEMluNepdC46TNR05j7by6QV2pKoANjAtwqylpqYcnboYmU~d7suRvGJgDStcRQwDqmg~GMHVQzzqfCx4Tm8QhPNUybFiVyM4S-bVjHmvKHAFSBhuOEu0rxVhNuuzokTBL4RM~iZC0-FE~yWjB6WGjDMFcOi~FHAImBdyvwCb3JYKiJgE4PmjlGBRvRf4T2BvxkiE0ertQqfK1o49HgacJlwPm9xv1bGHbsLSWqHVcQC3yzYV6XvqMMMBxKBqZDglcPQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA},
doi = {10.1080/13501760110056068},
issn = {1350–1763},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-08-00},
journal = {Journal of European Public Policy},
volume = {8},
number = {3},
pages = {454–473},
abstract = {Addressing non-discriminatory barriers to trade in the form of national standards and regulations has become central to global trade diplomacy. As a result, we increasingly observe a combined delegation of regulatory authority across borders and from the public to the private sectors through the norms of mutual recognition and standardization. This paper asks what the conditions are for such transnational market governance and seeks to explain variations in the specic applications of these principles across different levels of governance, European, transatlantic and international. First, we argue that European integration has resulted in regional policy externalities, whereby developments in the single market changed the operating environment for non-EU actors, creating a demand for negotiations both on their part and on the EU’s part. Through such strategic spillover, the EU has beneted from a ‘rst mover advantage’ by exporting core elements of its model. Second, we argue that regulatory compatibility between countries constitutes only part of the explanation for effective common governance. To account for modes of governance we also need to examine institutional conditions both internally and transnationally.},
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Addressing non-discriminatory barriers to trade in the form of national standards and regulations has become central to global trade diplomacy. As a result, we increasingly observe a combined delegation of regulatory authority across borders and from the public to the private sectors through the norms of mutual recognition and standardization. This paper asks what the conditions are for such transnational market governance and seeks to explain variations in the specic applications of these principles across different levels of governance, European, transatlantic and international. First, we argue that European integration has resulted in regional policy externalities, whereby developments in the single market changed the operating environment for non-EU actors, creating a demand for negotiations both on their part and on the EU’s part. Through such strategic spillover, the EU has beneted from a ‘rst mover advantage’ by exporting core elements of its model. Second, we argue that regulatory compatibility between countries constitutes only part of the explanation for effective common governance. To account for modes of governance we also need to examine institutional conditions both internally and transnationally.
EU Enlargement and Neighbourhood
Bellamy, Richard; Lacey, Joseph; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
European boundaries in question? Journal Article
In: Journal of European Integration, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 483-498, 2017, ISSN: 1477-2280.
@article{Bellamy2017,
title = {European boundaries in question?},
author = {Richard Bellamy and Joseph Lacey and Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
url = {https://kalypsonicolaidis.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/European-boundaries-in-question.pdf},
doi = {10.1080/07036337.2017.1333118},
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year = {2017},
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journal = {Journal of European Integration},
volume = {39},
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pages = {483-498},
abstract = {This introduction provides a descriptive typology and normative analysis of the ways boundaries are being questioned in Europe. We distinguish between boundary-making (defining or redefining the territorial borders of a polity), boundary-crossing (determining the rules of access to territorial borders) and boundary-unbundling (allowing boundary-making and boundary-crossing to vary between policies and polities), noting each of these categories possesses internal and external dimensions. Cosmopolitans and statists offer contrasting normative evaluations of these processes, favouring weakening and maintaining or strengthening state boundaries respectively. We endorse a demoicratic approach lying between these two as better reflecting how individuals relate to each other and to the EU, a view shared by some but not all contributors to this volume. We conclude by situating the contributions within our topological framework, highlighting how they illustrate the contemporary questioning of European boundaries.},
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This introduction provides a descriptive typology and normative analysis of the ways boundaries are being questioned in Europe. We distinguish between boundary-making (defining or redefining the territorial borders of a polity), boundary-crossing (determining the rules of access to territorial borders) and boundary-unbundling (allowing boundary-making and boundary-crossing to vary between policies and polities), noting each of these categories possesses internal and external dimensions. Cosmopolitans and statists offer contrasting normative evaluations of these processes, favouring weakening and maintaining or strengthening state boundaries respectively. We endorse a demoicratic approach lying between these two as better reflecting how individuals relate to each other and to the EU, a view shared by some but not all contributors to this volume. We conclude by situating the contributions within our topological framework, highlighting how they illustrate the contemporary questioning of European boundaries.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Europe’s Ends Book Chapter
In: Wiesner, Claudia; Schmidt-Gleim, Meike (Ed.): The Meanings of Europe: Changes and Exchanges of a Contested Concept, pp. 236-259, Taylor & Francis, 2014, ISBN: 978-0-415-85706-2.
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Akkoyunlu, Karabekir; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso; Öktem, Kerem
The Western Condition: Turkey, the US and the EU in the New Middle East Online
2013.
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author = {Karabekir Akkoyunlu and Kalypso Nicolaïdis and Kerem Öktem},
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journal = {South East European Studies at Oxford (SEESOX)},
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Kleinfeld, Rachel; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Rethinking Europe’s Rule of Law and Enlargement Agenda: The Fundamental Dilemma Journal Article
In: Jean Monnet Working Paper, vol. 08, no. 12, 2012, ISSN: 2161-0320, (The Jean Monnet Working Paper Series).
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title = {Rethinking Europe’s Rule of Law and Enlargement Agenda: The Fundamental Dilemma},
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editor = {Danielle L. Kim},
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issn = {2161-0320},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Epilogue Book Chapter
In: Oktem, Kerem; Kadioglu, Ayse; Karli, Mehmet (Ed.): Another Empire? A Decade of Turkey’s Foreign Policy Under the Justice and Development Party, Bilgi University Press, Istanbul, 2012, ISBN: 978-6053992363.
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Bechev, Dimitar; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
From Policy to Polity: Can the EU’s special relations with its Neighbourhood be Decentred? Journal Article
In: Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 475-500, 2010.
@article{Bechev2010,
title = {From Policy to Polity: Can the EU’s special relations with its Neighbourhood be Decentred?},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Why the European Union strengthens Turkish secularism Online
Open Democracy 2010.
@online{Nicolaidïs2010c,
title = {Why the European Union strengthens Turkish secularism},
author = {Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
url = {https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/the-european-union-and-turkey-strengthening-secularism/},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-00-00},
organization = {Open Democracy},
abstract = {The question of whether European Union officialdom has taken sides in the ongoing clash between "secularists" and "Islamists" in Turkey is of profound current concern. Many in the first camp seem to believe so, citing as evidence the way that one EU representative after another dismissed the grounds of the indictment denouncing Turkey's ruling Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi (Justice & Development Party / AKP) as the "focal point for anti-secular activities." Europe seems to have become, according to some of these secularists, the great co-conspirator in Turkey against secularism - the very European value the founders of the Republic sought so passionately to affirm. },
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The question of whether European Union officialdom has taken sides in the ongoing clash between "secularists" and "Islamists" in Turkey is of profound current concern. Many in the first camp seem to believe so, citing as evidence the way that one EU representative after another dismissed the grounds of the indictment denouncing Turkey's ruling Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi (Justice & Development Party / AKP) as the "focal point for anti-secular activities." Europe seems to have become, according to some of these secularists, the great co-conspirator in Turkey against secularism - the very European value the founders of the Republic sought so passionately to affirm.
Kleinfeld, Rachel; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Can a Post-Colonial Power Export the Rule of Law? Element of a General Framework Book Chapter
In: Palombella, Gianluigi; Walker, Neil (Ed.): Relocating the Rule of Law, Chapter 7, pp. 139–170, Hart Publishing, 2009, ISBN: 978-1-4725-6463-4.
@inbook{Kleinfeld2009,
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The European dilemma in exporting the rule of law starts with the two faces of universalism: ‘our system is better than yours and should prevail’ and ‘you deserve what we have’. Is exporting the rule of law a by-product of conquest and domination or of transnational responsibility and cosmopolitan solidarity? What would it take for the EU to act as a genuine ‘post-colonial’ power in this realm, self-reflexive about the echoes of its colonial past and legitimate in the eyes of other countries? Be it as invaders, colonisers or traders, great powers have long viewed bringing their laws or even ‘The Law’ to other peoples as a mark of greatness. There was no higher honour Rome could bestow than bringing citizens from the edges of the Empire under the civilising shadow of Roman laws—which in turn became one of Rome’s enduring legacies to Europe. In the nineteenth century, the great European colonial powers exported their laws as ‘standards of civilisation’ to much of the world, whether directly colonised or the object of asymmetric treaties.
Anastasakis, Othon; Öktem, Kerem; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Introduction: The long shadow of Europe Book Chapter
In: Anastasakis, Othon; Öktem, Kerem; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso (Ed.): In the Long Shadow of Europe: Greeks and Turks in the Era of Postnationalism, Republic of Letters, 2009, ISBN: 978-9004171121.
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Bechev, Dimitar; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Integration Without Accession: The EU’s Special Relationship with the Countries in its Neighbourhood Online
European Parliament's Committee on Constitutional affairs 2007.
@online{Bechev2007,
title = {Integration Without Accession: The EU’s Special Relationship with the Countries in its Neighbourhood},
author = {Dimitar Bechev and Kalypso Nicolaïdis},
url = {http://kalypsonicolaidis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/IPOL-AFCO_ET2007393270_EN.pdf},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-12-00},
organization = {European Parliament's Committee on Constitutional affairs},
abstract = {This study was inspired by the former Article I-57 of the Treaty establishing a constitution for Europe but is equally pertinent for the provisions on a European neighbourhood policy of the Treaty of Lisbon signed on December 13, 2007 (new Article 7a TUE). The report explores the institutional and policy choices concerning the European Union’s relations with the surrounding countries and regions in its neighbourhood. It surveys the current state of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) and, in particular, the perceptions of the partner countries of how the EU contends with a series of political dilemmas. Different models for organising relations with neighbouring countries - pre-accession, the European Economic Area (EEA) and association - are analysed.},
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This study was inspired by the former Article I-57 of the Treaty establishing a constitution for Europe but is equally pertinent for the provisions on a European neighbourhood policy of the Treaty of Lisbon signed on December 13, 2007 (new Article 7a TUE). The report explores the institutional and policy choices concerning the European Union’s relations with the surrounding countries and regions in its neighbourhood. It surveys the current state of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) and, in particular, the perceptions of the partner countries of how the EU contends with a series of political dilemmas. Different models for organising relations with neighbouring countries - pre-accession, the European Economic Area (EEA) and association - are analysed.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Trusting the Poles? Constructing Europe through mutual recognition Journal Article
In: Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 682–698, 2007, ISBN: 1350-1763.
@article{Nicolaidïs2007e,
title = {Trusting the Poles? Constructing Europe through mutual recognition},
author = {Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
url = {http://kalypsonicolaidis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/2007_TrustingthePoles1.pdf},
doi = {10.1080/13501760701427847},
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year = {2007},
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journal = {Journal of European Public Policy},
volume = {14},
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pages = {682–698},
abstract = {European integration has been and will continue to be flawed with conflicts, conflicts of interests embedded in broader conflicts of identity. I argue that these conflicts and the bargains they require exhibit similar patterns across a wide array of issues, as struggaes around ‘mutual’ recognition where mutuality plays a crucial role. Indeed, the challenges and perils of recognition are universal. But Europe can be seen as an experimental polity where, more formally than else- where, actors debate the contours of a norm which has migrated from regulatory praxis to mode of governance, and beyond, to political principle. If the ‘Polish plumber’ has come to serve as the emblem for the denial of recognition in the EU, mutual recognition is no less conflictual when it comes to the status of refugees, Bosnians or cartoonists. Normatively, if ‘managed mutual recognition’ is to serve as a blueprint beyond international political economy, we need to better analyse the relationship between recognition and trust, blind and binding trust, deferential and interventionist recognition.},
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European integration has been and will continue to be flawed with conflicts, conflicts of interests embedded in broader conflicts of identity. I argue that these conflicts and the bargains they require exhibit similar patterns across a wide array of issues, as struggaes around ‘mutual’ recognition where mutuality plays a crucial role. Indeed, the challenges and perils of recognition are universal. But Europe can be seen as an experimental polity where, more formally than else- where, actors debate the contours of a norm which has migrated from regulatory praxis to mode of governance, and beyond, to political principle. If the ‘Polish plumber’ has come to serve as the emblem for the denial of recognition in the EU, mutual recognition is no less conflictual when it comes to the status of refugees, Bosnians or cartoonists. Normatively, if ‘managed mutual recognition’ is to serve as a blueprint beyond international political economy, we need to better analyse the relationship between recognition and trust, blind and binding trust, deferential and interventionist recognition.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Turkey is European… for Europe’s sake Online
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Netherlands 2004.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
La Turquie dans l'Union, en miroir de l'Europe Journal Article
In: Mouvements, vol. 1, no. 31, pp. 128-132, 2004.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Dire Oui au Nom de l’Europe (Saying Yes in the Name of Europe) Online
Radikal 2003.
@online{Nicolaidïs2003g,
title = {Dire Oui au Nom de l’Europe (Saying Yes in the Name of Europe) },
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url = {http://users.ox.ac.uk/%7Essfc0041/BertrandNicolaidis.pdf},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-05-13},
address = {Istanbul},
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Grabbe, Heather; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Fostering Social Inclusion in Central and Eastern Europe: The Role of EU Accession Conditionality Online
World Bank Working Paper 39 2001.
@online{Grabbe2000,
title = {Fostering Social Inclusion in Central and Eastern Europe: The Role of EU Accession Conditionality},
author = {Heather Grabbe and Kalypso Nicolaïdis},
url = {http://users.ox.ac.uk/%7Essfc0041/NicolaidisGrabbe01.pdf},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-00},
organization = {World Bank Working Paper 39},
abstract = {Through the process of eastward enlargement, the European Union has developed a wide range of strategies and techniques to effect institutional change in central and eastern Europe. Conditionality lies at the heart of the EU’s approach, and it has built a structure of incentives and constraints to motivate reformers to transform both democratic and market institutions. This paper explores the instruments used by the EU to strengthen institutions, build organisational capacity, and increase social inclusion in the candidate countries of central and eastern Europe. It concludes that the relative effectiveness of the different mechanisms used depends on how consistently the EU has pursued particular policy goals. The EU’s success in fostering social inclusion has been blunted by the inconsistent messages it has sent to the candidates about social policy. This inconsistency is in turn partly the result of a tension between the EU’s dual roles of aid donor and gatekeeper for club membership.},
keywords = {},
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Through the process of eastward enlargement, the European Union has developed a wide range of strategies and techniques to effect institutional change in central and eastern Europe. Conditionality lies at the heart of the EU’s approach, and it has built a structure of incentives and constraints to motivate reformers to transform both democratic and market institutions. This paper explores the instruments used by the EU to strengthen institutions, build organisational capacity, and increase social inclusion in the candidate countries of central and eastern Europe. It concludes that the relative effectiveness of the different mechanisms used depends on how consistently the EU has pursued particular policy goals. The EU’s success in fostering social inclusion has been blunted by the inconsistent messages it has sent to the candidates about social policy. This inconsistency is in turn partly the result of a tension between the EU’s dual roles of aid donor and gatekeeper for club membership.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Europe’s Tainted Mirror: Reflections on Turkey’s Candidacy Status After Helsinki Book Chapter
In: Keridis, Dimitris; Triantafyllou, Dimitris (Ed.): Greek-Turkish Relations in the Era of Globalization, pp. 245-277, Brassey's, 2001.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Eastern European Trade in the Aftermath of 1989: Did International Institutions Matter? Book Chapter
In: Keohane, Robert; Hoffmann, Stanley; Nye, Joseph (Ed.): After the Cold-War: State Strategies and International Institutions in Europe, 1989-1991, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1993.
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In the fall of 1989 the world watched as the Berlin Wall came down. More than a dramatic symbol of the collapse of the Soviet bloc, the event marked the beginning of the end of the Cold War and the arrival of a whole new era in world politics. How the world powers, built upon foundations that were suddenly shifting, adapted to this new reality is the subject of After the Cold War.
Haggard, Stephan; Levy, Marc; Moravcsik, Andrew; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Integrating the Two Halves of Europe: Theories of Interests, Bargaining and Institutions Book Chapter
In: Keohane, Robert; Hoffmann, Stanley; Nye, Joseph (Ed.): After the Cold-War: State Strategies and International Institutions in Europe, 1989-1991, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1993.
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In the fall of 1989 the world watched as the Berlin Wall came down. More than a dramatic symbol of the collapse of the Soviet bloc, the event marked the beginning of the end of the Cold War and the arrival of a whole new era in world politics. How the world powers, built upon foundations that were suddenly shifting, adapted to this new reality is the subject of After the Cold War.
EU Borders
Bellamy, Richard; Lacey, Joseph; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
European boundaries in question? Journal Article
In: Journal of European Integration, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 483-498, 2017, ISSN: 1477-2280.
@article{Bellamy2017,
title = {European boundaries in question?},
author = {Richard Bellamy and Joseph Lacey and Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
url = {https://kalypsonicolaidis.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/European-boundaries-in-question.pdf},
doi = {10.1080/07036337.2017.1333118},
issn = {1477-2280},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-05-00},
journal = {Journal of European Integration},
volume = {39},
number = {5},
pages = {483-498},
abstract = {This introduction provides a descriptive typology and normative analysis of the ways boundaries are being questioned in Europe. We distinguish between boundary-making (defining or redefining the territorial borders of a polity), boundary-crossing (determining the rules of access to territorial borders) and boundary-unbundling (allowing boundary-making and boundary-crossing to vary between policies and polities), noting each of these categories possesses internal and external dimensions. Cosmopolitans and statists offer contrasting normative evaluations of these processes, favouring weakening and maintaining or strengthening state boundaries respectively. We endorse a demoicratic approach lying between these two as better reflecting how individuals relate to each other and to the EU, a view shared by some but not all contributors to this volume. We conclude by situating the contributions within our topological framework, highlighting how they illustrate the contemporary questioning of European boundaries.},
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This introduction provides a descriptive typology and normative analysis of the ways boundaries are being questioned in Europe. We distinguish between boundary-making (defining or redefining the territorial borders of a polity), boundary-crossing (determining the rules of access to territorial borders) and boundary-unbundling (allowing boundary-making and boundary-crossing to vary between policies and polities), noting each of these categories possesses internal and external dimensions. Cosmopolitans and statists offer contrasting normative evaluations of these processes, favouring weakening and maintaining or strengthening state boundaries respectively. We endorse a demoicratic approach lying between these two as better reflecting how individuals relate to each other and to the EU, a view shared by some but not all contributors to this volume. We conclude by situating the contributions within our topological framework, highlighting how they illustrate the contemporary questioning of European boundaries.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Balibar ou L’ Europe Evanescente Online
2015.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Europe’s Ends Book Chapter
In: Wiesner, Claudia; Schmidt-Gleim, Meike (Ed.): The Meanings of Europe: Changes and Exchanges of a Contested Concept, pp. 236-259, Taylor & Francis, 2014, ISBN: 978-0-415-85706-2.
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EU Constitution
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Magnette, Paul
How do we fix Europe’s presidency dilemma? Online
Open Democracy 2021.
@online{Nicolaïdis2021b,
title = {How do we fix Europe’s presidency dilemma?},
author = {Kalypso Nicolaidïs and Paul Magnette},
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A single president, elected by almost 500 million, would not be an appropriate solution for the EU
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Kant’s Mantle: Cosmopolitanism, Federalism and Constitutionalism as European Ideologies Journal Article
In: Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 1307-1328, 2020.
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title = {Kant’s Mantle: Cosmopolitanism, Federalism and Constitutionalism as European Ideologies},
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doi = {10.1080/13501763.2020.1786596},
year = {2020},
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abstract = {This article explores the ways cosmopolitanism, federalism and constitutionalism have evolved in Europe from core philosophical concepts to political programmes, and ultimately ‘ideological benchmarks’ with highly contested meanings. I identify three alternative intellectual strategies for their appropriation, and through them the appropriation of ‘Kant’s mantle’, which both reflect and affect the EU public sphere. In the process, I ask how they can serve as resources conceptually to ground a third way for Europe. First, essentialist strategies appeal to affinities with the essence of these traditions, an essence anterior to or distinct from the particular variant of the ‘state writ large’ with which they might be identified in the public and scholarly imagination. Second, composite strategies employ various modifiers to deflect criticism. Thirdly, pollination strategies retain the flavor and questions raised by the three isms without necessarily coopting their labels.},
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This article explores the ways cosmopolitanism, federalism and constitutionalism have evolved in Europe from core philosophical concepts to political programmes, and ultimately ‘ideological benchmarks’ with highly contested meanings. I identify three alternative intellectual strategies for their appropriation, and through them the appropriation of ‘Kant’s mantle’, which both reflect and affect the EU public sphere. In the process, I ask how they can serve as resources conceptually to ground a third way for Europe. First, essentialist strategies appeal to affinities with the essence of these traditions, an essence anterior to or distinct from the particular variant of the ‘state writ large’ with which they might be identified in the public and scholarly imagination. Second, composite strategies employ various modifiers to deflect criticism. Thirdly, pollination strategies retain the flavor and questions raised by the three isms without necessarily coopting their labels.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
The EU’s Constitutional Moment: A View from the Ground Up Book Chapter
In: Barber, Nick; Cahill, Maria; Ekins, Richard (Ed.): The Rise and Fall of the European Constitution, Hart Publishing, 2018.
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Eleftheriadis, Pavlos; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso; Weiler, J. H. H.
Foreword: The changing landscape of European constitutionalism Journal Article
In: International Journal of Constitutional Law, vol. 9, no. 3-4, pp. 673–677, 2011.
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Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
United states? Online
2007.
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Bunse, Simone; Magnette, Paul; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Big versus Small: Shared Leadership in the EU and Power Politics in the Convention Book Chapter
In: Beach, Derek; Mazzucelli, Colette (Ed.): Leadership in the Big Bangs of European Integration, Chapter 8, pp. 134-157, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2006, ISBN: 978-0-230-59964-2.
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abstract = {The European Union (EU) is a strange mix. A political construct conceived as a guard against the temptation of hegemony by any member state against any other(s), it relies most fundamentally on the ideal of shared leadership. In the EU, therefore, the principle of equality between states is not mainly grounded in the sovereignty norm as in classic intergovernmental organizations, but rather in the attempt to constrain power. At the same time, however, the EU obeys a stringent reality principle, whereby institutions and decisionmaking procedures must reflect power realities in order to be effective and credible. It would thus be hard to argue that the EU has transcended power politics: the taming of power is the best it can do. Thus, behind the ‘big versus small problem’, the conflicting views over institutional design between more and less populated member states, lies an age-old dilemma faced by all political communities, especially federal constructs (Magnette and Nicolaïdis 2004a).},
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The European Union (EU) is a strange mix. A political construct conceived as a guard against the temptation of hegemony by any member state against any other(s), it relies most fundamentally on the ideal of shared leadership. In the EU, therefore, the principle of equality between states is not mainly grounded in the sovereignty norm as in classic intergovernmental organizations, but rather in the attempt to constrain power. At the same time, however, the EU obeys a stringent reality principle, whereby institutions and decisionmaking procedures must reflect power realities in order to be effective and credible. It would thus be hard to argue that the EU has transcended power politics: the taming of power is the best it can do. Thus, behind the ‘big versus small problem’, the conflicting views over institutional design between more and less populated member states, lies an age-old dilemma faced by all political communities, especially federal constructs (Magnette and Nicolaïdis 2004a).
Bunse, Simone; Magnette, Paul; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Is the Commission the Small Member States’ Best Friend? Journal Article
In: 2005, vol. 9, 2005, ISSN: 1651-8942.
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title = {Is the Commission the Small Member States’ Best Friend?},
author = {Simone Bunse and Paul Magnette and Kalypso Nicolaïdis},
url = {http://www.sieps.se/en/publications/2005/is-the-commission-the-small-member-states-best-friend-20059/Sieps-2005-9.pdf?},
issn = {1651-8942},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-11-00},
journal = {2005},
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abstract = {The European Union (EU)’s institutional framework relies on a delicate balance between small, medium and large Member States – a balance that has come under intense scrutiny in the Convention on the Future of Europe and the enlargement process. Within the decision-making triangle, the big states have traditionally favoured the Council to wield their power, while the small states have tended to regard the Commission as their closest ally. The incentives of small states to seek close relations with the Commission stem from the combination of its general role in the institutional balance as guardian of the “common interest” and its specific functions from drafting to implementing EU legislation. The independence of the Commission of- fers small states a potential means to counterbalance the power of the ‘bigs’. This study revisits this assumption and investigates the multidimen- sional nature of the relationship between small states and the Commission: is the Commission really the small Member States’ “best friend”?},
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The European Union (EU)’s institutional framework relies on a delicate balance between small, medium and large Member States – a balance that has come under intense scrutiny in the Convention on the Future of Europe and the enlargement process. Within the decision-making triangle, the big states have traditionally favoured the Council to wield their power, while the small states have tended to regard the Commission as their closest ally. The incentives of small states to seek close relations with the Commission stem from the combination of its general role in the institutional balance as guardian of the “common interest” and its specific functions from drafting to implementing EU legislation. The independence of the Commission of- fers small states a potential means to counterbalance the power of the ‘bigs’. This study revisits this assumption and investigates the multidimen- sional nature of the relationship between small states and the Commission: is the Commission really the small Member States’ “best friend”?
Moravcsik, Andrew; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
The Future of the Constitutional Process in the European Union Online
2005.
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Magnette, Paul; Bunse, Simone; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Shared Leadership in the EU: Theory and Reality Book Chapter
In: Curtin, Deirdre; Kellerman, Alfred E.; Blockmans, Steven (Ed.): The EU Constitution: The Best Way Forward?, pp. 275-296, T.M.C. Asser Press, 2005, ISBN: 978-90-6704-200-0.
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Since the French and Dutch voters rejected the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, in May and June 2005 respectively, politicians and lawyers have been confronted with the question of how to move forward. This book strives to formulate answers on the question of what to do if not all the Member States ratify the Treaty. It brings together contributions from over 50 experts from the 25 Member States, from candidate, potential candidate and neighbouring countries, as well as from Russia and the US. Key topics covered are: the process and impact of EU constitution-making; the democratic life of the EU; improving the efficiency and quality of legislation in the EU; the expansion of executive, judicial and legislative powers; and access to justice.
Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
UE: Un Moment Tocquevillien Journal Article
In: Politique Etrangere, vol. 3, pp. 495-509, 2005.
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title = {UE: Un Moment Tocquevillien},
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Magnette, Paul; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Coping with the Lilliput Syndrome: Large vs. Small Member States in the European Convention Journal Article
In: European Public Law, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 83-102, 2005.
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abstract = {Like all former treaty reforms, the Convention ran into deep divisions between large and small states – read more or less populated states – when it discussed institutional issues. This paper examines the impact of this cleavage on the process and outcome of the Convention. First, we recall how the tension was managed under the founding model, and show how successive enlargements made it ever more acute. We then show that, under the Convention, the classic compromises proved impossible, so that new deals needed to be found. We conclude that, despite the consensus proclaimed at the end of the process, the Convention partly failed to settle this problem.},
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Like all former treaty reforms, the Convention ran into deep divisions between large and small states – read more or less populated states – when it discussed institutional issues. This paper examines the impact of this cleavage on the process and outcome of the Convention. First, we recall how the tension was managed under the founding model, and show how successive enlargements made it ever more acute. We then show that, under the Convention, the classic compromises proved impossible, so that new deals needed to be found. We conclude that, despite the consensus proclaimed at the end of the process, the Convention partly failed to settle this problem.
Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
We, the Peoples of Europe Journal Article
In: Foreign Affairs, vol. 83, no. 6, pp. 97-110, 2004.
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Magnette, Paul; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
The European Convention: Bargaining in the Shadow of Rhetoric Journal Article
In: West European Politics, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 381-404, 2004.
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title = {The European Convention: Bargaining in the Shadow of Rhetoric},
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year = {2004},
date = {2004-04-00},
journal = {West European Politics},
volume = {27},
number = {3},
pages = {381-404},
abstract = {The European Convention on the Future of Europe was initially presented as a turning point in the history of European integration. This paper argues that, although its composition was broader, its process more transparent and its rules more flexible than classic intergovernmental conferences, the Convention was not Europe’s Philadelphia. Since it took place under the shadow of the IGC and under a leadership especially sensitive to the positions of big member states, the Convention reproduced by enlarge the logic of intergovernmental bargains. Nevertheless, some of the Convention’s outcome – the most formal aspects of its draft treaty with less predictable distributional consequences– can be explained by the ‘social norm’ of constitutional deliberation conveyed by its president and supported by a majority of its members. The advent of constitutional politics, while consistent with prior political dynamics, is thus renewing the language of national interest convergence in the European Union.},
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The European Convention on the Future of Europe was initially presented as a turning point in the history of European integration. This paper argues that, although its composition was broader, its process more transparent and its rules more flexible than classic intergovernmental conferences, the Convention was not Europe’s Philadelphia. Since it took place under the shadow of the IGC and under a leadership especially sensitive to the positions of big member states, the Convention reproduced by enlarge the logic of intergovernmental bargains. Nevertheless, some of the Convention’s outcome – the most formal aspects of its draft treaty with less predictable distributional consequences– can be explained by the ‘social norm’ of constitutional deliberation conveyed by its president and supported by a majority of its members. The advent of constitutional politics, while consistent with prior political dynamics, is thus renewing the language of national interest convergence in the European Union.
Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Notre Démo-cratie européenne; Cette constitution est-elle une troisième voie pour l’Europe? Journal Article
In: Lignes n°13: L’ Europe en Partage, 2004, ISBN: 978-2849380062.
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Weatherill, Stephen; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Whose Europe? National Models and the Constitution of the European Union Online
Weatherill, Stephen; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso (Ed.): 2003.
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Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Our European Demoi-cracy: Is this Constitution a third way for Europe? Online
Stephen Weatherill, Kalypso Nicolaidïs (Ed.): European Studies at Oxford 2003.
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EU Legitimacy
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Magnette, Paul
How do we fix Europe’s presidency dilemma? Online
Open Democracy 2021.
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author = {Kalypso Nicolaidïs and Paul Magnette},
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A single president, elected by almost 500 million, would not be an appropriate solution for the EU
Lacey, Joseph; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Democracy and disintegration: Does the state of democracy in the EU put the integrity of the Union at risk? Book Chapter
In: Coman, Ramona; Crespy, Amandine; Schmidt, Vivien (Ed.): Textbook: Politics and Governance in the Post-Crisis, Cambridge University Press, 2020.
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title = {Democracy and disintegration: Does the state of democracy in the EU put the integrity of the Union at risk?},
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url = {https://kalypsonicolaidis.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Chapter-19-PROOFS-EU-handbook-Lacey-and-Nicolaidis-2020.pdf},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-00-00},
booktitle = {Textbook: Politics and Governance in the Post-Crisis},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
L’ambition premiere de l’UE devrait etre de devenir la gardienne du long terme Online
France Culture 2020.
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title = {L’ambition premiere de l’UE devrait etre de devenir la gardienne du long terme},
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Lenz, Tobias; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
EU-topia? A critique of the European Union as a model Journal Article
In: Culture, Practice & Europeanization, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 78-101, 2019.
@article{Nicolaidïs2019d,
title = {EU-topia? A critique of the European Union as a model},
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url = {https://kalypsonicolaidis.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Lenz_Nicolaidis-EUasamodel.pdf},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-00-00},
journal = {Culture, Practice & Europeanization},
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abstract = {The paper critically appraises the idea, both descriptively and normatively, that the Euro- pean Union (EU) system can and should serve as a model for governance beyond its own borders. Engaging the postcolonial literature, it proposes a critical analysis of the idea, dis- course and practice of Europe-as-a-model. We argue for a problematization of the label “model” without denying the value added by EU governance for the rest of the world. We start by developing an analytical heuristic that builds on three semantic meanings of the term model and outline the challenges of interpretation and translation that are associ- ated with each. We then discuss these challenges along the Hegelian three-step of the model idea (thesis), its postcolonial antithesis and our constructive critique that seeks to steer a middle ground. We advocate greater reflexivity on the part of Europeans, that is, to systematically question assumptions behind their discourse and practice. If the cosmo- politan promise is to be retrieved from the radical critique of Eurocentricism, Europeans need to infuse the EU’s message and practice with an ethos of mutual recognition as a crucial feature of a post-colonial agenda for the EU’s role in the world.},
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The paper critically appraises the idea, both descriptively and normatively, that the Euro- pean Union (EU) system can and should serve as a model for governance beyond its own borders. Engaging the postcolonial literature, it proposes a critical analysis of the idea, dis- course and practice of Europe-as-a-model. We argue for a problematization of the label “model” without denying the value added by EU governance for the rest of the world. We start by developing an analytical heuristic that builds on three semantic meanings of the term model and outline the challenges of interpretation and translation that are associ- ated with each. We then discuss these challenges along the Hegelian three-step of the model idea (thesis), its postcolonial antithesis and our constructive critique that seeks to steer a middle ground. We advocate greater reflexivity on the part of Europeans, that is, to systematically question assumptions behind their discourse and practice. If the cosmo- politan promise is to be retrieved from the radical critique of Eurocentricism, Europeans need to infuse the EU’s message and practice with an ethos of mutual recognition as a crucial feature of a post-colonial agenda for the EU’s role in the world.
van Zeben, Josephine; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Polycentric Subsidiarity Book Chapter
In: van Zeben, Josephine; Bobić, Ana (Ed.): Polycentricity in the European Union, Cambridge University Press, 2019.
@inbook{vanZeben2019,
title = {Polycentric Subsidiarity},
author = {Josephine van Zeben and Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
The EU Global Strategy Online
European Union Institute for Strategic Studies 2016.
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title = {The EU Global Strategy},
author = {Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
url = {https://kalypsonicolaidis.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/EUGS-Opinion-Nicolaidis-2016.pdf},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-00-00},
booktitle = {The EU Global Strategy: 40 Expert Opinions},
organization = {European Union Institute for Strategic Studies},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {online}
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Nicolaïdis, Kalypso; Vergerio, Claire; Onar, Nora Fisher; Viehoff, Juri
From Metropolis to Microcosmos: The EU’s New Standards of Civilisation Journal Article
In: Millennium, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 718–745, 2014.
@article{Nicolaïdis2014f,
title = {From Metropolis to Microcosmos: The EU’s New Standards of Civilisation},
author = {Kalypso Nicolaïdis and Claire Vergerio and Nora Fisher Onar and Juri Viehoff},
url = {https://kalypsonicolaidis.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/From-Metropolis-to-Microcosmos.pdf},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829814541320},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-08-05},
journal = {Millennium},
volume = {42},
number = {3},
pages = {718–745},
abstract = {While some denounce the legacies of colonialism they discern in the EU’s practices and discourse, others believe these accusations to be unfounded, raising the question: how apt is the analogy between the 19th-century standard of civilisation and the EU’s narratives and modes of actions today? In this essay, we address the question by developing a ‘new standards typology’ articulated around two axes: agency denial and hierarchy. These refer respectively to the unilateral shaping of standards applicable to others, and to the salience of Eurocentricism in the way the standards are enforced and structure the international system. Ultimately, we argue that in transforming their ‘continent’ from a metropolis to a microcosmos – from a cluster of colonial capitals to an EU that contains many of the world’s tensions within itself – Europeans have only partially succeeded in transcending their colonial impulses. We conclude by suggesting that the EU’s relevance is grounded in its ability to become a post-colonial power, and that to achieve this, those acting in its name need to remember historical legacies and reflect upon the ‘standards’ that inspire their action.},
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While some denounce the legacies of colonialism they discern in the EU’s practices and discourse, others believe these accusations to be unfounded, raising the question: how apt is the analogy between the 19th-century standard of civilisation and the EU’s narratives and modes of actions today? In this essay, we address the question by developing a ‘new standards typology’ articulated around two axes: agency denial and hierarchy. These refer respectively to the unilateral shaping of standards applicable to others, and to the salience of Eurocentricism in the way the standards are enforced and structure the international system. Ultimately, we argue that in transforming their ‘continent’ from a metropolis to a microcosmos – from a cluster of colonial capitals to an EU that contains many of the world’s tensions within itself – Europeans have only partially succeeded in transcending their colonial impulses. We conclude by suggesting that the EU’s relevance is grounded in its ability to become a post-colonial power, and that to achieve this, those acting in its name need to remember historical legacies and reflect upon the ‘standards’ that inspire their action.
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Our Democratic Atonement: Why we Need an Agora Europe Book Chapter
In: The People’s Project? New European Treaty and the Prospects for Future Negotiations, pp. 90-99, European Policy Centre, Brussels, 2007.
@inbook{Nicolaidïs2007g,
title = {Our Democratic Atonement: Why we Need an Agora Europe},
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date = {2007-12-00},
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Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Constitutionalizing the Federal Vision? Book Chapter
In: Menon, Anand; Schain, Martin (Ed.): Comparative Federalism, Chapter 4, pp. 59-92, OUP, 2006, ISBN: 9780199291106.
@inbook{Nicolaïdis2006,
title = {Constitutionalizing the Federal Vision?},
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isbn = {9780199291106},
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booktitle = {Comparative Federalism},
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Bunse, Simone; Magnette, Paul; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Is the Commission the Small Member States’ Best Friend? Journal Article
In: 2005, vol. 9, 2005, ISSN: 1651-8942.
@article{Bunse2005,
title = {Is the Commission the Small Member States’ Best Friend?},
author = {Simone Bunse and Paul Magnette and Kalypso Nicolaïdis},
url = {http://www.sieps.se/en/publications/2005/is-the-commission-the-small-member-states-best-friend-20059/Sieps-2005-9.pdf?},
issn = {1651-8942},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-11-00},
journal = {2005},
volume = {9},
publisher = {Stockholm: Swedish Institute of European Policy Studies},
abstract = {The European Union (EU)’s institutional framework relies on a delicate balance between small, medium and large Member States – a balance that has come under intense scrutiny in the Convention on the Future of Europe and the enlargement process. Within the decision-making triangle, the big states have traditionally favoured the Council to wield their power, while the small states have tended to regard the Commission as their closest ally. The incentives of small states to seek close relations with the Commission stem from the combination of its general role in the institutional balance as guardian of the “common interest” and its specific functions from drafting to implementing EU legislation. The independence of the Commission of- fers small states a potential means to counterbalance the power of the ‘bigs’. This study revisits this assumption and investigates the multidimen- sional nature of the relationship between small states and the Commission: is the Commission really the small Member States’ “best friend”?},
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The European Union (EU)’s institutional framework relies on a delicate balance between small, medium and large Member States – a balance that has come under intense scrutiny in the Convention on the Future of Europe and the enlargement process. Within the decision-making triangle, the big states have traditionally favoured the Council to wield their power, while the small states have tended to regard the Commission as their closest ally. The incentives of small states to seek close relations with the Commission stem from the combination of its general role in the institutional balance as guardian of the “common interest” and its specific functions from drafting to implementing EU legislation. The independence of the Commission of- fers small states a potential means to counterbalance the power of the ‘bigs’. This study revisits this assumption and investigates the multidimen- sional nature of the relationship between small states and the Commission: is the Commission really the small Member States’ “best friend”?
Magnette, Paul; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Coping with the Lilliput Syndrome: Large vs. Small Member States in the European Convention Journal Article
In: European Public Law, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 83-102, 2005.
@article{Magnette2005b,
title = {Coping with the Lilliput Syndrome: Large vs. Small Member States in the European Convention},
author = {Paul Magnette and Kalypso Nicolaïdis},
url = {http://users.ox.ac.uk/%7Essfc0041/lilliputsyndrome2.pdf},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-00-00},
journal = {European Public Law},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {83-102},
publisher = {Kluwer Law International},
abstract = {Like all former treaty reforms, the Convention ran into deep divisions between large and small states – read more or less populated states – when it discussed institutional issues. This paper examines the impact of this cleavage on the process and outcome of the Convention. First, we recall how the tension was managed under the founding model, and show how successive enlargements made it ever more acute. We then show that, under the Convention, the classic compromises proved impossible, so that new deals needed to be found. We conclude that, despite the consensus proclaimed at the end of the process, the Convention partly failed to settle this problem.},
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Like all former treaty reforms, the Convention ran into deep divisions between large and small states – read more or less populated states – when it discussed institutional issues. This paper examines the impact of this cleavage on the process and outcome of the Convention. First, we recall how the tension was managed under the founding model, and show how successive enlargements made it ever more acute. We then show that, under the Convention, the classic compromises proved impossible, so that new deals needed to be found. We conclude that, despite the consensus proclaimed at the end of the process, the Convention partly failed to settle this problem.
Lacroix, Justine; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Quelle justice au-delà de l'État-nation ? Deux paradigmes pour l'Europe Journal Article
In: Mouvements, vol. 5, no. 35, pp. 105-113, 2004.
@article{Lacroix2004,
title = {Quelle justice au-delà de l'État-nation ? Deux paradigmes pour l'Europe},
author = {Justine Lacroix and Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
url = {https://www.cairn.info/revue-mouvements-2004-5-page-105.htm},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-00-00},
journal = {Mouvements},
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pages = {105-113},
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Magnette, Paul; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Large and Small Member States: Reinventing the Balance Journal Article
In: Research and European Issues, vol. 25, pp. 1-43, 2003, (Alternative link: https://www.euractiv.com/section/future-eu/opinion/large-and-small-member-states-in-the-european-union-reinventing-the-balance/ Summary: A real compromise for the EU presidency is still possible. URL: http://users.ox.ac.uk/%7Essfc0041/EUPresidency.pdf).
@article{Magnette2003,
title = {Large and Small Member States: Reinventing the Balance},
author = {Paul Magnette and Kalypso Nicolaïdis},
editor = {Notre Europe-Institut Jacques Delors},
url = {https://institutdelors.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/etud25-en.pdf},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-05-19},
journal = {Research and European Issues},
volume = {25},
pages = {1-43},
organization = {Notre Europe},
note = {Alternative link: https://www.euractiv.com/section/future-eu/opinion/large-and-small-member-states-in-the-european-union-reinventing-the-balance/
Summary: A real compromise for the EU presidency is still possible. URL: http://users.ox.ac.uk/%7Essfc0041/EUPresidency.pdf},
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Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
What is in a Name: Europe’s Federal Future and the Convention on the Future of Europe” Online
Jurist Europe 2003.
@online{Nicolaïdis2003e,
title = {What is in a Name: Europe’s Federal Future and the Convention on the Future of Europe”},
author = {Kalypso Nicolaïdis},
url = {http://users.ox.ac.uk/~ssfc0041/fedunion0303.pdf},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-04-00},
journal = {Jurist Europe},
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Howse, Robert; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
The Federal Vision: Legitimacy and Levels of Governance in the US and the EU Book
Oxford University Press, 2001, ISBN: 9780199245000.
@book{Howse2001,
title = {The Federal Vision: Legitimacy and Levels of Governance in the US and the EU},
author = {Robert Howse and Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
editor = {Robert Howse and Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
url = {https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0199245002.001.0001/acprof-9780199245000},
doi = {10.1093/0199245002.001.0001},
isbn = {9780199245000},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-00-00},
publisher = { Oxford University Press},
abstract = {This book is about the complex and changing relationship between levels of governance in the US and the European Union. On the basis of a transatlantic dialogue between scholars concerned about modes of governance on both sides, it is a collective attempt at analysing the ramifications of the legitimacy crisis in these multi‐layered democracies, and possible remedies to this. Starting from a focus on the current policy debates over ‘devolution’ and ‘subsidiarity’, the book engages the reader into the broader tension of comparative federalism. Its authors believe that in spite of the fundamental differences between them, both the EU and the USA are in the process of re‐defining a federal vision for the twenty‐first century. The book is a contribution to the study of federalism and European integration, and seeks to bridge the divide between the two. It also bridges the traditional divide between technical, legal or regulatory discussions of federal governance and philosophical debates over questions of belonging and multiple identities. It is a multi‐disciplinary project, bringing together historians, political scientists and theorists, legal scholars, sociologists and political economists (more than 20 authors are involved), and includes both innovative analysis and prescriptions on how to reshape the federal contract in the USA and the EU. Included are introductions to the history of federalism in the USA and the EU, the current debates over devolution and subsidiarity, the legal framework of federalism and theories of regulatory federalism, as well as innovative approaches to the application of network analysis, principal‐agent models, institutionalist analysis, and political theories of citizenship to the federal context. The introduction and conclusion by the editors draws out cross‐cutting themes and lessons from the thinking together of the EU and USA experiences, and suggest how a ‘federal vision’ could be freed from the hierarchical paradigm of the ‘federal state’ and articulated around concepts of mutual tolerance and empowerment. The seventeen chapters are arranged in five sections: I. Articulating the Federal Vision (two chapters)—views of federalism in its USA and EU versions; II. Levels of Governance in the USA and the European Union: Facts and Diagnosis (four chapters)—an overview of the history and current state of federalism in the USA and EU; III. Legal and Regulatory Instruments of Federal Governance (three chapters); IV. Federalism, Legitimacy, and Governance: Models for Understanding (four chapters); V. Federalism, Legitimacy, and Identity (four chapters)—a discussion of the deeper roots of legitimacy in federal systems; there is also an appendix, which discusses the basic principles for the allocation of competence in the USA and EU.},
keywords = {},
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This book is about the complex and changing relationship between levels of governance in the US and the European Union. On the basis of a transatlantic dialogue between scholars concerned about modes of governance on both sides, it is a collective attempt at analysing the ramifications of the legitimacy crisis in these multi‐layered democracies, and possible remedies to this. Starting from a focus on the current policy debates over ‘devolution’ and ‘subsidiarity’, the book engages the reader into the broader tension of comparative federalism. Its authors believe that in spite of the fundamental differences between them, both the EU and the USA are in the process of re‐defining a federal vision for the twenty‐first century. The book is a contribution to the study of federalism and European integration, and seeks to bridge the divide between the two. It also bridges the traditional divide between technical, legal or regulatory discussions of federal governance and philosophical debates over questions of belonging and multiple identities. It is a multi‐disciplinary project, bringing together historians, political scientists and theorists, legal scholars, sociologists and political economists (more than 20 authors are involved), and includes both innovative analysis and prescriptions on how to reshape the federal contract in the USA and the EU. Included are introductions to the history of federalism in the USA and the EU, the current debates over devolution and subsidiarity, the legal framework of federalism and theories of regulatory federalism, as well as innovative approaches to the application of network analysis, principal‐agent models, institutionalist analysis, and political theories of citizenship to the federal context. The introduction and conclusion by the editors draws out cross‐cutting themes and lessons from the thinking together of the EU and USA experiences, and suggest how a ‘federal vision’ could be freed from the hierarchical paradigm of the ‘federal state’ and articulated around concepts of mutual tolerance and empowerment. The seventeen chapters are arranged in five sections: I. Articulating the Federal Vision (two chapters)—views of federalism in its USA and EU versions; II. Levels of Governance in the USA and the European Union: Facts and Diagnosis (four chapters)—an overview of the history and current state of federalism in the USA and EU; III. Legal and Regulatory Instruments of Federal Governance (three chapters); IV. Federalism, Legitimacy, and Governance: Models for Understanding (four chapters); V. Federalism, Legitimacy, and Identity (four chapters)—a discussion of the deeper roots of legitimacy in federal systems; there is also an appendix, which discusses the basic principles for the allocation of competence in the USA and EU.
Moravcsik, Andrew; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Explaining the Treaty of Amsterdam: Interests, Influence and Institutions Journal Article
In: Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 59-85, 1999.
@article{Moravcsik1999,
title = {Explaining the Treaty of Amsterdam: Interests, Influence and Institutions},
author = {Andrew Moravcsik and Kalypso Nicolaïdis},
url = {http://users.ox.ac.uk/%7Essfc0041/Amsterdam99.pdf},
year = {1999},
date = {1999-03-00},
journal = {Journal of Common Market Studies},
volume = {37},
number = {1},
pages = {59-85},
abstract = {This article offers a basic explanation of the process and outcome of negotiating the Treaty of Amsterdam. We pose three questions: What explains the national preferences of the major governments? Given those substantive national preferences, what explains bargaining outcomes among them? Given those substantive bargains, what explains the choice of international institutions to implement them? We argue in favour of an explanation based on three elements. Issue-specific interdependence explains national preferences. Inter-state bargaining based on asymmetrical interdependence explains the outcomes of substantive negotiation. The need for credible commitments explains institutional choices to pool and delegate sovereignty. Other oft-cited factors – European ideology, supranational entrepreneurship, technocratic consider- ations, or the random flux and non-rational processes of ‘garbage can’ decision-making – play secondary roles. Remaining areas of ambiguity are flagged for future research.},
keywords = {},
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This article offers a basic explanation of the process and outcome of negotiating the Treaty of Amsterdam. We pose three questions: What explains the national preferences of the major governments? Given those substantive national preferences, what explains bargaining outcomes among them? Given those substantive bargains, what explains the choice of international institutions to implement them? We argue in favour of an explanation based on three elements. Issue-specific interdependence explains national preferences. Inter-state bargaining based on asymmetrical interdependence explains the outcomes of substantive negotiation. The need for credible commitments explains institutional choices to pool and delegate sovereignty. Other oft-cited factors – European ideology, supranational entrepreneurship, technocratic consider- ations, or the random flux and non-rational processes of ‘garbage can’ decision-making – play secondary roles. Remaining areas of ambiguity are flagged for future research.
Moravcsik, Andrew; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Federal Ideals vs Constitutional Realities in the Amsterdam Treaty Journal Article
In: Journal of Common Market Studies, Annual Review, vol. 36, pp. 13-38, 1998.
@article{Moravcsik1998,
title = {Federal Ideals vs Constitutional Realities in the Amsterdam Treaty},
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year = {1998},
date = {1998-09-00},
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Coglianese, Cary; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Securing Subsidiarity: Legitimacy and the Allocation of Governing Authority Journal Article
In: Electronic Working Paper Series in Political Science, 1998.
@article{Coglianese1998,
title = {Securing Subsidiarity: Legitimacy and the Allocation of Governing Authority},
author = {Cary Coglianese and Kalypso Nicolaïdis},
url = {http://users.ox.ac.uk/%7Essfc0041/subsid.htm},
year = {1998},
date = {1998-00-00},
journal = {Electronic Working Paper Series in Political Science},
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EU Trade Policy
Bercero, Ignacio Garcia; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Europe’s power surplus: legal empathy and the trade/regulation nexus Book Chapter
In: Understanding the EU as a Good Global Actor, pp. 19-36, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2022.
@inbook{Bercero2022,
title = {Europe’s power surplus: legal empathy and the trade/regulation nexus},
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year = {2022},
date = {2022-00-00},
urldate = {2022-00-00},
booktitle = {Understanding the EU as a Good Global Actor},
pages = {19-36},
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Bercero, Ignacio Garcia; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
The power surplus: Brussels calling, legal empathy and the trade-regulation nexus Journal Article
In: EUI, Technical Report, CEPS Policy Insights, PI 2021/05, STG Report, 2021.
@article{Bercero2021,
title = {The power surplus: Brussels calling, legal empathy and the trade-regulation nexus},
author = {Ignacio Garcia Bercero and Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
url = {https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/70675},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-05-00},
journal = {EUI, Technical Report, CEPS Policy Insights, PI 2021/05, STG Report},
abstract = {The EU may not be a superpower but it holds a ‘power surplus’ when it comes to the trade-regulatory nexus. The strategic challenges posed by the deployment of this power surplus are the subject of this paper, which argues that in order to be a responsible regulatory power and positively influence the multilateral agenda, the EU needs to develop a coherent overall approach to the external dimension of its regulatory policies. In this spirit, and in most cases, the EU would be ill advised to project itself as a model or to seek to ‘weaponise’ its regulatory powers in pursuit of unrelated foreign policy goals. Instead, it should wield this power to enhance the regulatory compatibility between its own and others’ jurisdictions through cooperation rather than relying on the passive market-based influence of the so-called Brussels effect. This is simply a way to be faithful to its core defining philosophy of legal empathy. The CEPS Policy Insight by authors Ignacio Garcia Bercero and Kalypso Nicolaides offers a typology of different forms of external EU regulatory impact, a discussion of the risks of either underuse or overuse of the regulatory power surplus, and considers the ‘good global governance’ model implied by a principled geopolitical role. It moves on to discuss a unifying conceptual framework to encompass this approach, under the umbrella of ‘managed mutual recognition’ as the operationalisation of legal empathy. It concludes with six specific suggestions as to how the EU can best exercise its regulatory power through a closer integration of trade and regulatory policies.},
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The EU may not be a superpower but it holds a ‘power surplus’ when it comes to the trade-regulatory nexus. The strategic challenges posed by the deployment of this power surplus are the subject of this paper, which argues that in order to be a responsible regulatory power and positively influence the multilateral agenda, the EU needs to develop a coherent overall approach to the external dimension of its regulatory policies. In this spirit, and in most cases, the EU would be ill advised to project itself as a model or to seek to ‘weaponise’ its regulatory powers in pursuit of unrelated foreign policy goals. Instead, it should wield this power to enhance the regulatory compatibility between its own and others’ jurisdictions through cooperation rather than relying on the passive market-based influence of the so-called Brussels effect. This is simply a way to be faithful to its core defining philosophy of legal empathy. The CEPS Policy Insight by authors Ignacio Garcia Bercero and Kalypso Nicolaides offers a typology of different forms of external EU regulatory impact, a discussion of the risks of either underuse or overuse of the regulatory power surplus, and considers the ‘good global governance’ model implied by a principled geopolitical role. It moves on to discuss a unifying conceptual framework to encompass this approach, under the umbrella of ‘managed mutual recognition’ as the operationalisation of legal empathy. It concludes with six specific suggestions as to how the EU can best exercise its regulatory power through a closer integration of trade and regulatory policies.
Meunier, Sophie; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
The Geopoliticization of European Trade and Investment Policy Journal Article
In: JCMS, vol. 57, pp. 103-113, 2019.
@article{Meunier2019,
title = {The Geopoliticization of European Trade and Investment Policy},
author = {Sophie Meunier and Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
url = {https://kalypsonicolaidis.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/jcms.12932.pdf},
doi = {10.1111/jcms.12932},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-10-00},
journal = {JCMS},
volume = {57},
pages = {103-113},
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Meunier, Sophie; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
The European Union as a Trade Power Book Chapter
In: Hill, Christopher; Smith, Michael (Ed.): The International Relations of the European Union, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2017.
@inbook{Meunier2017,
title = {The European Union as a Trade Power},
author = {Sophie Meunier and Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
editor = {Christopher Hill and Michael Smith},
url = {https://kalypsonicolaidis.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/2017MeunierNicolaidisChapter.pdf},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-00-00},
booktitle = {The International Relations of the European Union},
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Macaj, Gjovalin; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Beyond ‘one voice’? Global Europe's engagement with its own diversity Journal Article
In: Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 1067-1083, 2014.
@article{Macaj2014,
title = {Beyond ‘one voice’? Global Europe's engagement with its own diversity},
author = {Gjovalin Macaj and Kalypso Nicolaïdis},
url = {http://kalypsonicolaidis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/2014_BeyondOneVoice.pdf},
doi = {10.1080/13501763.2014.912148},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-06-16},
journal = {Journal of European Public Policy},
volume = {21},
number = {7},
pages = {1067-1083},
abstract = {This contribution stands as a conclusion to this collection, drawing on its empirical contributions as well as other examples of European Union (EU) foreign policy. We take the pursuit of a single voice as a core goal of EU foreign policy and ask under what conditions unity pays and conversely under what con- ditions it may be counterproductive. On this basis, we offer a systematic critique of the ‘one voice mantra’ correlating ‘EU unity’ and ‘EU influence’ in the global arena. We do so by distinguishing between, internally, the degree of convergence of interest between member states and, externally, the type of power relevant in the game being played. Only when interests converge and the external game is one where aggregative power matters is it plausible to assume that the pursuit of one EU voice serves the EU’s interests. At least in some cases, EU unity is not a pre- requisite for EU influence, and diversity can be a source of strength rather than weak- ness, internally as well.},
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This contribution stands as a conclusion to this collection, drawing on its empirical contributions as well as other examples of European Union (EU) foreign policy. We take the pursuit of a single voice as a core goal of EU foreign policy and ask under what conditions unity pays and conversely under what con- ditions it may be counterproductive. On this basis, we offer a systematic critique of the ‘one voice mantra’ correlating ‘EU unity’ and ‘EU influence’ in the global arena. We do so by distinguishing between, internally, the degree of convergence of interest between member states and, externally, the type of power relevant in the game being played. Only when interests converge and the external game is one where aggregative power matters is it plausible to assume that the pursuit of one EU voice serves the EU’s interests. At least in some cases, EU unity is not a pre- requisite for EU influence, and diversity can be a source of strength rather than weak- ness, internally as well.
Meunier, Sophie; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
The European Union as a Conflicted Trade Power Journal Article
In: Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 906-925, 2006, ISBN: 1466-4429.
@article{Meunier2006,
title = {The European Union as a Conflicted Trade Power},
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doi = {10.1080=13501760600838623},
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year = {2006},
date = {2006-09-00},
journal = {Journal of European Public Policy},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
pages = {906-925},
publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
abstract = {The EU is a formidable power in trade. Structurally, the sheer size of its market and its more than forty-year experience of negotiating international trade agreements have made it the most powerful trading bloc in the world. Much more problematically, the EU is also becoming a power through trade. Increasingly, it uses market access as a bargaining chip to obtain changes in the domestic arena of its trading partners, from labour standards to development policies, and in the inter- national arena, from global governance to foreign policy. Is the EU up to its ambi- tions? This article examines the underpinnings of the EU’s power through trade across issue-areas and across settings (bilateral, inter-regional, global). It then analyses the major dilemmas associated with the exercise of trade power and argues that strategies of accommodation will need to be refined in each of these realms if the EU is to successfully transform its structural power into effective, and therefore legitimate, influence.},
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The EU is a formidable power in trade. Structurally, the sheer size of its market and its more than forty-year experience of negotiating international trade agreements have made it the most powerful trading bloc in the world. Much more problematically, the EU is also becoming a power through trade. Increasingly, it uses market access as a bargaining chip to obtain changes in the domestic arena of its trading partners, from labour standards to development policies, and in the inter- national arena, from global governance to foreign policy. Is the EU up to its ambi- tions? This article examines the underpinnings of the EU’s power through trade across issue-areas and across settings (bilateral, inter-regional, global). It then analyses the major dilemmas associated with the exercise of trade power and argues that strategies of accommodation will need to be refined in each of these realms if the EU is to successfully transform its structural power into effective, and therefore legitimate, influence.
Meunier, Sophie; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
The European Union as a Trade Power Book Chapter
In: Hill, Christopher; Smith, Michael (Ed.): The International Relations of the European Union, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005.
@inbook{Meunier2005,
title = {The European Union as a Trade Power},
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abstract = {The EU is a formidable trade power. While trade liberalization internally and externally have always been the essence of European integration, successive enlargements and the creation of the European Single Market have turned the EU into the world’s largest trade power. The EU is responsible for making trade policy through a complex decisionmaking process that has often been contested politically but allows it to speak on behalf of its members in international trade negotiations. This chapter argues that not only does the EU derive some inherent power from trade, but that it is also increasingly prone to use trade as the backbone of its normative power. As a result the EU is now becoming a world power through trade, as one of the major actors shaping the multilateral trade agenda, and using access to its market strategically in order to obtain political concessions from its commercial partners. This chapter explores the determinants of the EU’s trade power (both inherent and normative) and examines the contribution of trade policy to the power of Europe in the international system, both in the context of the World Trade Organization and in the broader framework of international relations.},
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The EU is a formidable trade power. While trade liberalization internally and externally have always been the essence of European integration, successive enlargements and the creation of the European Single Market have turned the EU into the world’s largest trade power. The EU is responsible for making trade policy through a complex decisionmaking process that has often been contested politically but allows it to speak on behalf of its members in international trade negotiations. This chapter argues that not only does the EU derive some inherent power from trade, but that it is also increasingly prone to use trade as the backbone of its normative power. As a result the EU is now becoming a world power through trade, as one of the major actors shaping the multilateral trade agenda, and using access to its market strategically in order to obtain political concessions from its commercial partners. This chapter explores the determinants of the EU’s trade power (both inherent and normative) and examines the contribution of trade policy to the power of Europe in the international system, both in the context of the World Trade Organization and in the broader framework of international relations.
Meunier, Sophie; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Revisiting Trade Competence in the European Union: Amsterdam, Nice, and Beyond Book Chapter
In: Hosli, Madeleine O.; van Deemen, Adrian; Widgren, Mika (Ed.): Institutional Challenges in the European Union, Routledge, London/New York, 2002, ISBN: 9780415251921.
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Meunier, Sophie; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Who Speaks for Europe? The Delegation of Trade Authority in the European Union Journal Article
In: Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 477-501, 2002.
@article{Meunier2002b,
title = {Who Speaks for Europe? The Delegation of Trade Authority in the European Union},
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url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1468-5965.00174},
doi = {doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00174},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-00-00},
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abstract = {Although the Member States of the European Union (EU) have long since relinquished their power to act as autonomous actors in international trade negotiations, they have now chosen to regain some of their lost trade sovereignty. Neither the European Court of Justice’s (ECJ’s) 1994 opinion, nor the 1997 reform of the trade policy process at Amsterdam delegated full negotiating authority to the Commission over the ‘new trade issues’ of services and intellectual property. Instead, Member States settled on a hybrid form of decision‐making to enable ad hoc rather than structural delegation of competence. Was this a rollback of EU competence? If so, why has it occurred in the EU’s oldest and most successfully integrated, policy sector? A shift in the perceived trade‐off between economic interests and ideological bias on the part of key Member States can explain such a change. This article also explores the consequences for the future conduct of the EU’s trade policy and its influence in shaping the world political economy, as well as for the evolving pattern of federal allocation of jurisdiction in the EU.},
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Although the Member States of the European Union (EU) have long since relinquished their power to act as autonomous actors in international trade negotiations, they have now chosen to regain some of their lost trade sovereignty. Neither the European Court of Justice’s (ECJ’s) 1994 opinion, nor the 1997 reform of the trade policy process at Amsterdam delegated full negotiating authority to the Commission over the ‘new trade issues’ of services and intellectual property. Instead, Member States settled on a hybrid form of decision‐making to enable ad hoc rather than structural delegation of competence. Was this a rollback of EU competence? If so, why has it occurred in the EU’s oldest and most successfully integrated, policy sector? A shift in the perceived trade‐off between economic interests and ideological bias on the part of key Member States can explain such a change. This article also explores the consequences for the future conduct of the EU’s trade policy and its influence in shaping the world political economy, as well as for the evolving pattern of federal allocation of jurisdiction in the EU.
Meunier, Sophie; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Trade Competence Debate in the Nice Treaty Journal Article
In: ECSA Review, vol. 14, no. 2, 2001.
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Meunier, Sophie; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
EU Trade Policy: The Exclusive Versus Shared' Competence Debate Book Chapter
In: Cowles, Maria Green; Smith, Michael (Ed.): The State of the European Union: Risks, Reform, Resistance, and Revival, 2000, ISBN: 9780198297574.
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This chapter argues that the policy equilibrium established by the Treaty is unlikely to be sustainable due to several challenges. These are the relaunching of multilateral trade negotiations under the World Trade Organisation, the Eastward enlargement of the EU, and the proliferation of bilateral and plurilateral agreements between the EU and its trading partners. Existing policy mechanisms that should be replaced are discussed.
Greece
Anastasakis, Othon; Pratsinakis, Manolis; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Conclusion: A New Model of Diaspora Engagement? Book Chapter
In: Diaspora Engagement in Times of Severe Economic Crisis, pp. 433–442, Springer, 2022, ISBN: 978-3-030-97443-5.
@inbook{Anastasakis2022,
title = {Conclusion: A New Model of Diaspora Engagement?},
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date = {2022-06-20},
booktitle = {Diaspora Engagement in Times of Severe Economic Crisis},
pages = {433–442},
publisher = {Springer},
abstract = {Drawing on the analyses and findings of individual book contributions, this chapter revisits the book’s main research question, namely ‘how the 2009 Greek economic crisis affected patterns of engagement between homeland and diaspora?’ It argues that while no uniform type of interaction appears to have emerged in this period, the crisis reconfigured this multi-faceted and multi-actored relationship. On the one hand, the crisis revealed the limits of the previous state-centric system of engagement and, on the other, it created new spaces and networks of connectivity in the spheres of political interaction, entrepreneurship, public diplomacy, technology and civil society. As the old habits are laid bare, and new spaces are introduced, Greeks at home and abroad are progressively crafting a new model of engagement. The chapter ends on a normative note and proposes that to reach its full potential such engagement ought to rest on three principles: polycentrism, pragmatism and empowerment.},
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Drawing on the analyses and findings of individual book contributions, this chapter revisits the book’s main research question, namely ‘how the 2009 Greek economic crisis affected patterns of engagement between homeland and diaspora?’ It argues that while no uniform type of interaction appears to have emerged in this period, the crisis reconfigured this multi-faceted and multi-actored relationship. On the one hand, the crisis revealed the limits of the previous state-centric system of engagement and, on the other, it created new spaces and networks of connectivity in the spheres of political interaction, entrepreneurship, public diplomacy, technology and civil society. As the old habits are laid bare, and new spaces are introduced, Greeks at home and abroad are progressively crafting a new model of engagement. The chapter ends on a normative note and proposes that to reach its full potential such engagement ought to rest on three principles: polycentrism, pragmatism and empowerment.
Bastian, Jens; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Hercules vs Sisyphus: The path to democratically sustainable reform in Greece Online
Anastasakis, Othon; Singh, Dorian (Ed.): South East European Studies at Oxford (SEESOX) 2012.
@online{Bastian2012,
title = {Hercules vs Sisyphus: The path to democratically sustainable reform in Greece},
author = {Jens Bastian and Kalypso Nicolaïdis},
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url = {https://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/reforming_greece_0.pdf},
isbn = {978-0-9562098-6-3},
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Anastasakis, Othon; Öktem, Kerem; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Introduction: The long shadow of Europe Book Chapter
In: Anastasakis, Othon; Öktem, Kerem; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso (Ed.): In the Long Shadow of Europe: Greeks and Turks in the Era of Postnationalism, Republic of Letters, 2009, ISBN: 978-9004171121.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Exploring Second-Best Solutions in Cyprus Journal Article
In: Survival, The ISS Quarterly, 1998.
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year = {1998},
date = {1998-08-00},
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Allison, Graham; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
The Greek Paradox: Promise vs Performance Book
Cambridge: MIT Press, 1997, ISBN: 9780262510929.
@book{Allison1997,
title = {The Greek Paradox: Promise vs Performance},
author = {Graham Allison and Kalypso Nicolaïdis},
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url = {https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/greek-paradox},
isbn = {9780262510929},
year = {1997},
date = {1997-00-00},
booktitle = {The Greek Paradox: Promise vs Performance},
publisher = {Cambridge: MIT Press},
abstract = {As a bridge between the East and West, a pole of stability in the Balkans, and a Mediterranean crossroads, Greece could play a significant role in the post-Cold War world. But Greece's performance in domestic and international policy falls short of this promise. The essays in The Greek Paradox look at some of the reasons for this gap and suggest possible political and economic reforms.The contributors, both scholars and policymakers, examine a range of contemporary issues in the Balkans and on NATO's southern flank. The essays shed light on nation building, political and economic development, modernization, and post-Cold War international relations.},
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As a bridge between the East and West, a pole of stability in the Balkans, and a Mediterranean crossroads, Greece could play a significant role in the post-Cold War world. But Greece's performance in domestic and international policy falls short of this promise. The essays in The Greek Paradox look at some of the reasons for this gap and suggest possible political and economic reforms.The contributors, both scholars and policymakers, examine a range of contemporary issues in the Balkans and on NATO's southern flank. The essays shed light on nation building, political and economic development, modernization, and post-Cold War international relations.
Global Governance, Ethics and Trade
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Giovanardi, Michele
Global PeaceTech: Unlocking the Better Angels of our Techne Working paper
2022, ISSN: 1028-3625.
@workingpaper{Nicolaidïs2022c,
title = {Global PeaceTech: Unlocking the Better Angels of our Techne},
author = {Kalypso Nicolaidïs and Michele Giovanardi},
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issn = {1028-3625},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-11-03},
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journal = {EUI RSC},
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issue = {2022},
abstract = {The double-edged nature of technology pervades human history. Today, the potential for peace offered by the internet, social networks, mobile devices, digital identities, AI, blockchain, big data, geospatial information, is matched by the risks of disinformation, polarisation, online violence, surveillance, data privacy, cyber-attacks, and power concentration. Faced with this knife-edge between the bright and dark sides of disruptive technologies, how do we conjure up the better angels of our nature? Many agents for change around the world have sought to employ and regulate new technologies to foster peaceful processes under the aegis of “PeaceTech” initiatives. This paper introduces “Global PeaceTech” as a new field of social inquiry in the context of International Relations and Global Affairs, with the aim of analysing the global context in which these initiatives are embedded and interconnected, in order to draw prescriptive lessons. The deployment of technology for peace entails legal, political, economic, and ethical dilemmas that transcend national borders and require new models of transnational governance. By bringing together the world of “tech-for-good” and the field of international studies broadly defined as the study of patterns of global change, “Global PeaceTech” fills a gap at the intersection between peace studies and global governance and promotes policy innovation at the transnational level. The paper offers an overview of this agenda in four parts: Part I starts from the IR literature and explores the relationship between technology, peace and war. Part II defines the main differences between PeaceTech and Global PeaceTech. Part III sets out a new research agenda in Global PeaceTech, introducing core analytical concepts and research methods, and discussing its potential political and societal impact. In Part IV, we conclude by presenting a series of example of relevant research areas as a reference for further research in Global PeaceTech.},
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The double-edged nature of technology pervades human history. Today, the potential for peace offered by the internet, social networks, mobile devices, digital identities, AI, blockchain, big data, geospatial information, is matched by the risks of disinformation, polarisation, online violence, surveillance, data privacy, cyber-attacks, and power concentration. Faced with this knife-edge between the bright and dark sides of disruptive technologies, how do we conjure up the better angels of our nature? Many agents for change around the world have sought to employ and regulate new technologies to foster peaceful processes under the aegis of “PeaceTech” initiatives. This paper introduces “Global PeaceTech” as a new field of social inquiry in the context of International Relations and Global Affairs, with the aim of analysing the global context in which these initiatives are embedded and interconnected, in order to draw prescriptive lessons. The deployment of technology for peace entails legal, political, economic, and ethical dilemmas that transcend national borders and require new models of transnational governance. By bringing together the world of “tech-for-good” and the field of international studies broadly defined as the study of patterns of global change, “Global PeaceTech” fills a gap at the intersection between peace studies and global governance and promotes policy innovation at the transnational level. The paper offers an overview of this agenda in four parts: Part I starts from the IR literature and explores the relationship between technology, peace and war. Part II defines the main differences between PeaceTech and Global PeaceTech. Part III sets out a new research agenda in Global PeaceTech, introducing core analytical concepts and research methods, and discussing its potential political and societal impact. In Part IV, we conclude by presenting a series of example of relevant research areas as a reference for further research in Global PeaceTech.
Magnette, Paul; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; et al,
Namur Declaration Online
2016, visited: 30.11.2015.
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The propositions of the Namur Declaration seek to change the way in which the European Union negotiates international trade agreements and their content
Howse, Robert; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Toward a Global Ethics of Trade Governance: Subsidiarity Writ Large Journal Article
In: Law and Contemporary Problem, vol. 79:259, no. 2, 2016.
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title = {Toward a Global Ethics of Trade Governance: Subsidiarity Writ Large},
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Betts, Alexander; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
The Trade-Migration Linkage: GATS Mode IV Book Chapter
In: Eagleton-Pierce, Matthew; Jones, Emily; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso (Ed.): Building Blocks Towards a Global Trade Ethics, pp. 65-75, 2009.
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Howse, Robert; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Towards a Global Trade Ethics: Preliminary Building Blocks Book Chapter
In: Eagleton-Pierce, Matthew; Jones, Emily; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso (Ed.): pp. 6-15, Oxford GTE Programme, 2009.
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Howse, Robert; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Democracy without Sovereignty: The Global Vocation of Political Ethics Book Chapter
In: Broude, Tomer; Shany, Yuval (Ed.): The Shifting Allocation of Authority in International Law, pp. 163-191, Hart Publishing, 2008, ISBN: 9781841137971.
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isbn = {9781841137971},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-06-13},
booktitle = {The Shifting Allocation of Authority in International Law},
pages = {163-191},
publisher = {Hart Publishing},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Tong, Joyce
Diversity or Cacophony? The Continuing Debate over Sources of International Law Journal Article
In: Michigan Journal of International Law, vol. 24, pp. 1349-1375, 2004.
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Howse, Robert; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Enhancing WTO Legitimacy: Constitutionalization or Global Subsidiarity? Journal Article
In: Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 73–94, 2003, ISBN: 0952-1895.
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title = {Enhancing WTO Legitimacy: Constitutionalization or Global Subsidiarity?},
author = {Robert Howse and Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
editor = {Marco Verweij and Tim Josling},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1468-0491.00205},
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abstract = {Increasingly, scholars have articulated the challenge of global economic governance in constitutional terms. The World Trade Organization (WTO) is often painted as an incipient global economic constitution. Its legitimacy would be enhanced, some contend, by transforming the WTO treaty system into a federal construct. But the application of the language of constitutionalism to the WTO is likely to exacerbate the fears of the “discontents” of globalization that the international institutions of economic governance are not democratically accountable to anyone. We argue that the legitimacy of the multilateral trading order requires greater democratic contestability. The notion of global subsidiarity would be a more appropriate model for the WTO than that of a “federal” constitution. This notion incorporates three basic principles: institutional sensitivity, political inclusiveness, and top–down empowerment.},
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Increasingly, scholars have articulated the challenge of global economic governance in constitutional terms. The World Trade Organization (WTO) is often painted as an incipient global economic constitution. Its legitimacy would be enhanced, some contend, by transforming the WTO treaty system into a federal construct. But the application of the language of constitutionalism to the WTO is likely to exacerbate the fears of the “discontents” of globalization that the international institutions of economic governance are not democratically accountable to anyone. We argue that the legitimacy of the multilateral trading order requires greater democratic contestability. The notion of global subsidiarity would be a more appropriate model for the WTO than that of a “federal” constitution. This notion incorporates three basic principles: institutional sensitivity, political inclusiveness, and top–down empowerment.
Howse, Robert; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Legitimacy through “Higher Law?” Why Constitutionalizing the WTO is a Step Too Far Book Chapter
In: Cottier, Thomas; Mavroidis, Petros C. (Ed.): The Role of the Judge in International Trade Regulation: Experience and Lessons for the WTO, pp. 307-48, University of Michigan Press, 2003.
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Drake, William J.; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Global Electronic Commerce and the General Agreement on Trade in Services: The Millennium Round and Beyond Book Chapter
In: Sauve, Pierre; Stern, Robert M. (Ed.): GATS 2000: New Directions in Services Trade Liberalization, pp. 399-437, The Brookings Institution Press, Washington DC, 2000.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Revamping the GATT: Toward Regional Multilateralism Journal Article
In: Project Promethee Perspectives, 1990.
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Trade in Services, Global Information Economy
Meunier, Sophie; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
The Geopoliticization of European Trade and Investment Policy Journal Article
In: JCMS, vol. 57, pp. 103-113, 2019.
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title = {The Geopoliticization of European Trade and Investment Policy},
author = {Sophie Meunier and Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
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Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Globalization with Human Faces: Managed Mutual Recognition and the Free Movement of Professionals Book Chapter
In: Schioppa, F. K. Padoa (Ed.): The Principle of Mutual Recognition in the European Integration Process, pp. 129-189, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
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year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-00},
booktitle = {The Principle of Mutual Recognition in the European Integration Process},
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abstract = {While short-term capital flows and foreign direct investment have never moved across borders so freely, neither has the international movement of people been so ‘managed’. This is one of the apparent paradoxes at the heart of today’s pattern of globalization. In an era of much-proclaimed liberalism, rules at the national level governing conditions for the granting of visas, work or residence permits, and ultimately permanent residence and naturalization, constitute perhaps the strongest remaining expression of state power. These rules are hardly subject to any international oversight, or even coordination, save in the restricted realm of asylum, where the national norms relating to the movement of people become subject to international human-rights norms. The paradox, of course, is only apparent. The weight of forces driving the liberalization of capital movement dwarfs those driving the free movement of people. More fundamentally, policies addressing migration, bound up as they are with the ‘who is “us”’, the definition of political as well as economic boundaries, and, ultimately, the flexibility or lack thereof of group identities, escape the sole constraint of economic rationality.},
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While short-term capital flows and foreign direct investment have never moved across borders so freely, neither has the international movement of people been so ‘managed’. This is one of the apparent paradoxes at the heart of today’s pattern of globalization. In an era of much-proclaimed liberalism, rules at the national level governing conditions for the granting of visas, work or residence permits, and ultimately permanent residence and naturalization, constitute perhaps the strongest remaining expression of state power. These rules are hardly subject to any international oversight, or even coordination, save in the restricted realm of asylum, where the national norms relating to the movement of people become subject to international human-rights norms. The paradox, of course, is only apparent. The weight of forces driving the liberalization of capital movement dwarfs those driving the free movement of people. More fundamentally, policies addressing migration, bound up as they are with the ‘who is “us”’, the definition of political as well as economic boundaries, and, ultimately, the flexibility or lack thereof of group identities, escape the sole constraint of economic rationality.
Drake, William J.; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Global Electronic Commerce and the General Agreement on Trade in Services: The Millennium Round and Beyond Book Chapter
In: Sauve, Pierre; Stern, Robert M. (Ed.): GATS 2000: New Directions in Services Trade Liberalization, pp. 399-437, The Brookings Institution Press, Washington DC, 2000.
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Trachtman, Joel P.; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
From Policed Regulation to Managed Recognition in GATS Book Chapter
In: Sauvé, Pierre; Stern, Robert M. (Ed.): GATS 2000: New Directions in Services Trade Liberalization, pp. 241-280, Brookings Institution Press, Washington D.C., 2000.
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Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Managed Mutual Recognition: The New Approach to the Liberalization of Professional Services Online
Liberalization of Trade in Professional Services, (OECD Publications) 1997.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Mutual recognition, regulatory competition and the globalization of professional services Book Chapter
In: Aharoni, Yair (Ed.): Coalitions and Competition: The Globalization of Professional Business Services, Routledge publishers, London, 1993, ISBN: 9780415722599.
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Drake, William; Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Ideas, Interests, and Institutionalization: "Trade in Services" and the Uruguay Round Journal Article
In: International Organization, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 37-100, 1992.
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title = {Ideas, Interests, and Institutionalization: "Trade in Services" and the Uruguay Round},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Braunschvig, David
European Infrastructures at the Heart of Sustainable Growth Journal Article
In: Information Time, 1990.
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year = {1990},
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Bressand, Albert; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Regional Integration in a Networked World Economy Book Chapter
In: Wallace, William (Ed.): The dynamics of European integration, Pinter publishers, London & New York, 1990, ISBN: 0861878434.
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year = {1990},
date = {1990-00-00},
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Bressand, Albert; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Strategic Trends in Services: Enquiry into the Global Services Economy Book
Harper and Row, New York, 1989, ISBN: 978-0887303173.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Bressand, Albert; Distler, Catherine
Vers une Économie des Réseaux Journal Article
In: Revue de Politique Industrielle, 1989.
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Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Learning While Negotiating: How Services Got on the Uruguay Round Agenda Book Chapter
In: Bressand, Albert; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso (Ed.): Strategic Trends in Services – An Inquiry into the Global Services Economy, Harper and Row, New York, 1989, ISBN: 978-0887303173.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Networks at the Heart of the Service Economy Book Chapter
In: Bressand, Albert; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso (Ed.): Strategic Trends in Services – An Inquiry into the Global Services Economy, Harper and Row, New York, 1989, ISBN: 978-0887303173.
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Bressand, Albert; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso
Les Services au Coeur de l’Economie Relationnelle Miscellaneous
1988.
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title = {Les Services au Coeur de l’Economie Relationnelle},
author = {Albert Bressand and Kalypso Nicolaïdis},
year = {1988},
date = {1988-03-00},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Liberalization vs Deregulation: Old Synergies, New Dilemmas Miscellaneous
1988.
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title = {Liberalization vs Deregulation: Old Synergies, New Dilemmas},
author = {Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
year = {1988},
date = {1988-00-00},
journal = {Project Promethee Perspectives},
volume = {5},
address = {Paris},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Contactors vs Contractors: Towards a Integrated Definition of Trade in Services Miscellaneous
UNCTAD, Working Paper 39, Promethee Publications, Paris, 1987.
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title = {Contactors vs Contractors: Towards a Integrated Definition of Trade in Services},
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year = {1987},
date = {1987-11-00},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
The Information Paradox Miscellaneous
Project Promethee Perspectives, Paris, 1987.
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title = {The Information Paradox},
author = {Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
year = {1987},
date = {1987-07-00},
howpublished = {Project Promethee Perspectives, Paris},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
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Preventative Diplomacy – United Nations
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Exploring Second-Best Solutions in Cyprus Journal Article
In: Survival, The ISS Quarterly, 1998.
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author = {Kalypso Nicolaidïs},
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year = {1998},
date = {1998-08-00},
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
International Preventive Action: Developing a Strategic Framework Book Chapter
In: Rotberg, Robert (Ed.): Vigilance and vengeance : NGOs preventing ethnic conflict in divided societies, Brookings, Washington, 1996, ISBN: 0815775881.
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Negotiation Theory
Nicolaidïs, Kalypso; Lempereur, Alain; Bradley, Adrien; Bindi, Costanza; Ifwanga, Tyala; Tegas, Sarah
COP35 - a mega negotiation game Online
2023, visited: 12.06.2023.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
In: Mnookin, Robert; Susskind, Larry (Ed.): Negotiating on Behalf of Others, SAGE Publications, Inc, 1999.
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Nicolaidïs, Kalypso
Power and Negotiation: When Should Lambs Negotiate with Lions? Book Chapter
In: Kolb, Deborah M.; Rubin, Jeffrey Z. (Ed.): Negotiations Eclectics, Essays in Memory of Jeff Rubin, SAGE Publications, Inc, 1999, ISBN: 978-1880711132.
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